The Effects of Listening to Music on Physical Performance Essay Example For Students

The Effects of Listening to Music on Physical Performance Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Methods3 Results4 Discussion Introduction Music is a very fascinating universal phenomenon. Almost everyone likes some sort of music, whether it be the twang of a country song or the intensity of a German rap. Music has the ability to completely change the mood of a situation. It has extensively been investigated and used as a form of therapy for the mind. Therefore it would be interesting to see if it had any impact on a person’s physical ability as well. Music has been suggested to affect the body’s physiological patterns in many ways. A study done in 2003 (Yamamoto et. al) exemplified the wavering levels of neurotransmitters as the type of music was changed. When the participants listen to slow-rhythm music their plasma levels of norepinephrine decreased, and when they listened to fast-rhythm music their plasma levels of epinephrine increased. Norepinephrine is a hormone generally known for mechanisms of the sympathetic nervous system, originating the fight or flight response. When it is lowered, the body’s stress level is suppressed, caused by a decrease in blood pressure. Epinephrine is a similar hormone, commonly referred to as adrenaline, which has been known to produce sudden responses to combat stress. An increase in plasma levels would increase the heart rate and dilate air passages to promote the expansion of oxygen to the body’s vital organs. By simply choosing a different pace of music, the way our phy siology works can be completely altered. A different investigation was done to find the effects of Medical Resonance Therapy Music (MRT-Music) on cerebral blood flow (Shemagonov Sidorenko, 2000). The arterial make up in the cerebrum is hard to get into through the blood stream due to the blood-brain barrier. Therefore even neurotransmitters will struggle to get through without the help of drugs. However, somehow MRT- Music has shown effects on the slow spontaneous oscillations (SSO) of cerebral blood flow. This means that just by the affects of the musical therapy itself, the cranial autonomous activity adjusts itself to bring the brain into a balanced state. Sympathetic and parasympathetic firings are regulated to keep stress-levels and headaches under control. With the physical power of music, it is no wonder why so much research has been done to test its capacity. Many studies have tested music as a motivational factor. When moving around or doing an activity with music in the background, most people will unknowingly start moving to the rhythm. If the music is kept at a fast pace, it can help motivate an individual to keep working at the same tempo (Sariscsany, 1991). This way they may find themselves moving at a faster pace than normal, just to keep up with the music. The purpose of this study was to find whether music could significantly affect an individual’s physical performance, in this case running a mile. Music was hypothesized to have a positive affect on runner’s ability, allowing them to decrease their time. Methods We will write a custom essay on The Effects of Listening to Music on Physical Performance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This experiment was carried out by recruiting ten participants; four males and six females. The subjects ranged in ages from 21 to 51 (SD: 12.4) and had a variety of fitness levels but all held some active background. Seven of the participants regularly use music while they work out, while three of them do not. After a detailed description of all testing procedures was provided, informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Every subject performed two mile runs, separated by a day. One of the miles was tested using control conditions, and the other using experimental conditions. All subjects were asked to stretch and complete a small warm-up walk before starting the experiment. During the first mile test, the subjects were asked to run a mile without listening to any music, timing themselves while doing so. The next day, they ran the same mile while listening to their music of choice and compared their times. Subjects were allowed to complete the run at their own discretion in the environment of their choosing. The only restriction was that they could not use a treadmill to control their speed. In order to limit other factors, subjects were asked to try and keep their physical activities and behaviors fairly consistent during the 24 hours prior to each trial. The data was all recorded and compared. The mean time difference was calculated against trials with or without music. Significance was judged using a double-sided t-test. Results Results showed that most subjects took less time to complete the mile when they were able to listen to music. This was true for nine out of the ten participants. Chart 1 compares the times with music (red) and without music (blue). As shown below, the blue line stays above the red line almost consistently over subjects showing that times without music were higher on average. Chart 1: Running times for music vs. no music. The average time it took participants to run a mile without any music was about 9 minutes and 15 seconds. With music the average shed around 22 seconds, at 8 minutes and 53 seconds. Table 1 shows the exact time in minutes and seconds that it took each participant to run a mile while listening to music, and then without any music. The difference was calculated between the two by subtracting the time it took with music from the time without. Subject 9 was the only one with a negative difference, meaning they took longer to run the mile with music than without. The mean difference between music and no music was 22.4 seconds. Table 1: Trials among subjects running the mile with music vs. no music. Time (mins:sec) Subject #1 Subject #2 Subject #3 Subject #4 Subject #5 Subject #6 Subject #7 Subject #8 Subject #9 Subject #10 Music 7:43 9:35 9:33 6:54 9:45 11:23 7:25 6:37 11:38 8:16 No Music 8:03 10:20 9:50 7:48 9:50 13:05 7:40 6:59 10:34 8:24 Difference 0:20 0:45 0:17 0:54 0:05 1:42 0:15 0:22 -1:04 0:08 .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 , .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .postImageUrl , .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 , .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:hover , .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:visited , .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:active { border:0!important; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:active , .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Does Music Affect Your Mood EssayDiscussion Reviewing over the results, we find that for most of the subjects, times went down while listening to music. This implies that music was used as either a distracter or motivational factor in completing this physical task. The two-tailed P value found from the data in a t test was 0.4731. This is not considered statistically significant in a quantitative sense, however if we consider the type of data, the t test may not be accurate for this. In a race, the winner sometimes wins by only a fraction of a second, so the time shed by listening to music seems pretty substantial. Looking at the data, specifically the differences between trials, there is one outlier. Subject 9 is the only one that had a faster time for the trial without music. Even with this excluded, the mean difference was about the same, at 32 seconds. So according to our data we can conclude that music has ability to cut around 20 to 30 seconds off of an individual’s mile time. As people complete a workout they go through stages of fatigue. Fatigue is the loss of the muscles ability to generate maximal force. There are two types; central and peripheral. Peripheral fatigue includes physiological factors within the muscles acting against performance. After prolonged bouts of physical activity there is thought to be a build up of metabolites that can negatively affect excitation-contraction during movement (Kent-Braun, 1999). This type of fatigue only occurs if the exercise is high intensity or lengthy and therefore would not be a factor in the current experiment. Central fatigue, on the other hand, is caused by a decrease in neural output. Neural output occurs when the brain sends signals through the spinal cord and nerves activating movement. However if the brain has the illusion of tiredness, due to neurotransmitter action or outside factors, central fatigue will occur. An experiment was done testing muscle fatigue while blindfolded, where central fatigue w as shown to be a dominant factor (Mel’nichouk, Bulgakova Vasilenko, 2006). When the subjects were blindfolded, they showed fewer signs of fatigue than they did while having clear vision. This implies that with the blockade of visual feedback, the brain did not feel as tired since it could not recognize common visual signs of exertion. If it is possible to divert the brain from central fatigue in this way, it seems that other options could be used as a distraction, such as music. Central fatigue is a common deterrent during cardiovascular activities since many people have a hard time pushing themselves to continue when it starts to get a little tough, even if their physical capabilities have yet to be reached. The idea behind listening to music during a workout is to present a distraction to combat central fatigue. This way, it is easier to push it to the physical limit and not be overwhelmed with a slight pain. Running a mile is a pretty basic skill. Most people are required to do so in their middle school gym classes. However beyond that, there is no motivation for some to complete this kind of activity. Many people will quiver at the idea of having to run an entire mile. This stigma could be a result of the central fatigue occurring during a run, stopping people from continuing. People simply need a distraction that disallows them from dwelling on the pain while completing physical tasks. If they did not have mental fatigue to deal with, the physical fatigue would be much easier to handle. Through research, mental fatigue and general lack of motivation has been shown to be blocked by music. Music therapy has, for the most part, been acknowledged as a legitimate form of rehabilitation to help individuals psychologically, emotionally, and physically (DegmeÄ ić, 2005). It helps patients express themselves in a new way and explore different feelings through different songs. They are able to relax and kick back while listening to music and relate to lyrics from various artists. This can help them to feel at ease and develop a sense of unity with others. With these feelings, they feel better about getting up in the morning and carrying out tasks. Music often times motivates them to heal. A study done with Alzheimer patients using music therapy exemplifies its powerful effects (Guetin, et. al, 2009). A musical therapy group was compared with a control group over the course of 24 weeks. Each participant of the musical therapy group was exposed to a weekly music session, featuring music of their choosing. The control group had an individualized reading session instead. After 16 weeks, the patients in the musical therapy group significantly improved in feelings of anxiety, according to the Hamilton Scale, as well as depression, according to the Geriatric Depression Scale. The control group did not show the same results. These results were held up to 8 weeks after the therapy sessions ended. The ability of music therapy to alleviate depression and alter moods has also been shown to help motivate people to change their physical activity level. In order to test this, a common method of investigation is self-report. By interviewing all of the participants and giving out detailed questionnaires, one study was able to find the emotional connection to music during exercise (Priest Karageorghis, 2008). Most of the participants in their study preferred fast-paced, heavy-beat music that kept them pumped up and encouraged them to move at the same tempo. They also felt that listening to music whose words expressed how they felt about exercising at the moment was a beneficial motivator. Although all the participants’ specific taste in music varied, their interview responses could all be generalized to indicate that music was a positive factor. A different study compared individuals’ perceived rate of exertion during exercise with and without music (Mohammadzadeh, Tartibiyan Ahmadi, 2008). The results found that the majority of participants had a lower perceived rate of exertion according to the standard PRE scale when they were listening to music. The experiment also measured the individuals’ actual performance level over trials. Even though the subject’s stated that they felt they were exerting less energy into the activity, their performance was actually shown to improve. This indicates that the music was distracting them away from their exercise and allowing them to focus on something else rather than how hard they were working. Though there is much research indicating that music could provide an aide in physical activity, there are some opposing arguments as well. Some research finds that music has either no effect or a negative effect on an athletes’ performance. In a study done in North Carolina (Brownley, McMurray Hackley, 1995), performance was compared with the effects of music among trained and untrained athletes. While they were able to find positive effects amongst the untrained athletes, it seemed that for the trained athletes music actually took a negative effect. This could be due to the sense of relaxation music creates which was taking away from the athletes’ focus and goals. It could also be that the selected music was not fast enough to fit the tempo at which they generally performed. There were a few limitations experienced during this study. The sample size was pretty small, and therefore could have skewed the results. Additionally, the majority in the sample was college students around the same age and in the same generational group, which could have affected the outcome. Most people these days are acclimated to using an mp3 player while they run, so working without it could make it harder just because of the change. However some of the subjects do not regularly listen to music while running and their times were still lowered. Another factor was the type of music the people were listening to. The subjects were told they could listen to whatever music they preferred, in attempts to have them enjoy it and distract them during the run. However this caused an inconsistency in the experiment because some subjects could have been listening to faster paced music than others. The type of music used could have affected the subject who achieved a faster time without music but it could also have been an unchangeable cause. The music could have created the difficult necessity to multitask, taking away from their actual movements, or they could simply not enjoy listening to music while they work out. It could have even been random outside factors that had nothing to do with music. A repetition of this experiment should include a wider variety of subjects among age groups and fitness level. Additionally it would be interesting to test the differences between fast paced and slow paced music, and unorthodox music that is not known to any of the subjects. There are many variations to be made to this experiment that would help develop the different facets of music’s affect on physical performance. .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 , .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .postImageUrl , .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 , .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:hover , .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:visited , .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:active { border:0!important; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:active , .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Essay ThesisWorks Cited Brownley, K.A., McMurray, R.G., Hackney, A.C. (1995). â€Å"Effects of music on physiological and affective responses to graded treadmill exercise in trained and untrained runners.† International Journal of Psychophysiology, 19, 3: 193-201. Kent-Braun, J.A. (1999). â€Å"Central and peripheral contributions to muscle fatigue in humans during sustained maximal effort.† European Journal of Applied Physiology, 80: 57-63. Mel’nichouk, A,P., Bulgakova, N.V., and Vasilenko, D.A. (2006). â€Å"Effect of muscle fatigue on target positioning of human forearm under conditions of restriction of visual control.† Neurophysiology, 38: 365-371. Mohammadzadeh, H., Tartibiyan, B., Ahmadi, A. (2008). â€Å"The Effects of Music on the Perceived Exertion Rate and Performance of Trained and Untrained Individuals During Progressive Exercise.† Physical Education and Sport, 6: 67-74. Priest, D.L. Karageorghis, C.I. (2008). â€Å"A qualitative investigation into the characteristics and effects of music accompanying exercise.† European Physical Education Review, 14: 347-367. Sariscsany, M.J. (1991). â€Å"Motivating physical education students through music.† Physical Educator, 48, 2: 93-94. Shemagonov, A.V., Sidorenko, V.N. (2000). â€Å"Can the Medical Resonance Therapy Music Affect Autonomous Innervation of Cerebral Arteries?† Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 35, 3: 218-223. Yamamoto, T., Ohkuwa, T., Kitoh, I.M., Tsuda, T., Kitagawa, S., and Sato, Y. (2003). â€Å"Effects of Pre-exercise Listening to Slow and Fast Rhythm Music on Supramaximal Cycle Performance and Selected Metabolic Variables.† Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 111, 3: 211-214.

Dilation Essays - Digital Geometry, Mathematical Morphology

Dilation Essays - Digital Geometry, Mathematical Morphology Dilation Dilation Dilation has been used for millions of years. Even in the ancient times and still we use it until this day. An example of dilation used in ancient times is when ancient Egyptians built the pyramids. The pyramids were built in different sizes, but proportional. Now in this day and time we use dilation in many aspects. Dilation is used in both science and math. In science the microscope shows dilation, without microscopes many of the scientific discoveries wouldn't be possible! In math dilation mainly is used in Geometry to draw figure of different sizes in proportional sizes. In art dilation is used widely for, example architecture, paintings, and statues. In our everyday life we have many examples of dilation like, binoculars, toy cars, little ornaments that represent larger ones in a smaller version. This involves the use of dilations, that is, transformations of the plane that are either contractions or expansions about a point (the center of the dilation), by a constant (positive) ratio. A dilation can either be an expansion (if the ratio is larger than one) or a contraction (if it is smaller than one). Look at the figure below.Construct a point C in the plane, and mark it as the center of dilation. Now draw any polygonal figure, and dilate it about the center C by a fixed ratio (1/2, or 3, or whatever). Drag around this polygon, and observe how the image changes. In particular look at the vertices, their images and the center. Can you see any relation among them? To find the scale factor we have to add one side of both corresponding sides and divide them by the corresponding side of the preimage. For example, side A for the preimage is equal to 5 and side A for the image is equal to 10. Thus, 5+10/5 so the scale factor will equal 3!!!! Preimage Image When I first learned about dilation, I thought that is wasn't important and that there was no use for it at all, but doin this project made my perspective of dilation and Geomety change. Dilation is important. I have learned that dilation isn't used in just Geometry, it is used in science, math, art, and our everyday life. Dilation is used everywhere, without you even realizing it, but hopefully after reading this you have realized that we need dilation.

Life and Work of Maud Lewis, Canadian Folk Artist

Life and Work of Maud Lewis, Canadian Folk Artist Maud Lewis (March 7, 1903 – July 30,  1970) was a 20th-century Canadian folk artist. With a focus on subjects in nature and ordinary life and a folk style of painting, she became one of the best-known artists in Canadian history. Fast Facts: Maud Lewis Occupation: Painter and folk artistBorn: March 7, 1903 in South Ohio, Nova Scotia, CanadaDied: July 30, 1970 in Digby, Nova Scotia, CanadaParents: John and Agnes DowleySpouse: Everett LewisKey Accomplishments: Despite physical limitations and poverty, Lewis became a beloved folk artist, known for her brightly colored paintings of animals, flowers, and outdoor scenes.Quote:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I paint all from memory, I don’t copy much. Because I don’t go nowhere, I just make my own designs up.† Early Life Born Maud Kathleen Dowley in South Ohio,  Nova Scotia, Lewis was the only daughter of John and Agnes Dowley. She had one brother, Charles, who was older than her. Even as a child, she suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, which limited her movements, even down to her hands. Despite this, she began making art at an early age under the tutelage of her mother, who taught her to paint watercolor Christmas cards, which she then sold. Maud dealt with multiple physical disabilities that left her hunched over. At the age of fourteen, she dropped out of school for unknown reasons, although it is possible that the bullying of her classmates (due to her visible birth defects) was at least partially at fault. Family and Marriage As a young woman, Maud became romantically involved with a man named Emery Allen, but they never married. In 1928, however, she gave birth to their daughter, Catherine. Allen abandoned Maud and their daughter, and they instead continued to live with her parents. Because Maud had no income and no means to support her child, a court required Catherine to be placed up for adoption. Later in life, an adult Catherine (now married with a family of her own and still living in Nova Scotia) attempted to get in touch with her mother; she was never successful in her attempts. Maud’s parents died within two years of each other: her father in 1935 and her mother in 1937. Her brother Charles inherited everything, and while he allowed his sister to live with him for a short while, she soon moved to Digby, Nova Scotia, to live with her aunt. In late 1937, Maud answered an advertisement placed by Everett Lewis, a fish peddler from Marshalltown, who was seeking a live-in housekeeper. While she was unable to perform her job well, due to the advancement of her arthritis, Maud and Everett married in January 1938. Painting Every Surface The painted interior of Maud Lewis home, as it is preserved in the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia.   Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia. The Lewises lived mostly in poverty, but Everett did encourage his wife’s painting – especially once he realized they could make a small profit. He procured  painting supplies  for her, and she then accompanied him on selling trips, starting with small cards like those she had painted as a child and eventually expanding to other, larger media. She even painted nearly every suitable surface in their small home, from typical sites such as walls to more unconventional ones (including their stove). Because canvas was difficult to come by (and expensive), Maud worked on beaver boards (made of compressed wood fibers) and Masonite, among other things. These smaller items, early in her career or for personal use, were full of bright colors and designs of flowers, birds, and leaves. This aesthetic would carry over into her later work as well. Early Sales Maud Lewis,  White Cat (2), 1960s, oil on pulpboard, 31.1 x 33.8 cm. Collection of the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, gift of Johanna Hickey, Vancouver, BC, 2006.   Maud’s paintings, throughout her career, focused on scenes and items out of her own life, experiences, and surroundings. Animals appeared frequently, mostly domestic or farm animals such as cows, oxen, cats, and birds. She also portrayed outdoor scenes: boats on the water, winter sleigh or skating scenes, and similar moments of ordinary life, often with a playful and cheerful tone. The greeting cards of her youth came back again, this time as inspiration for her later paintings. Bright, pure colors are a hallmark of her paintings; in fact, she was known to never blend colors, but only use the oils as they came originally in their tubes. Most of her paintings are quite small, not exceeding eight by ten inches. This is mostly due to the constraints of her arthritis: she could only paint as far as she could move her arms, which was increasingly limited. However, there are a few of her paintings that are larger than that, and she was commissioned to paint a large set of shutters by American cottage owners in the early 1940s. Gaining Wider Attention Maud Lewis,  Fall Scene with Deer,  c. 1950, oil on pulpboard, 29.5 x 34.9 cm. Collection of the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, purchase 1974. During her lifetime, Maud’s paintings did not sell for large amounts. By the late 1940s, tourists had begun to stop at the Lewises’ home to purchase her paintings, but they rarely sold for more than a few dollars. In fact, they wouldn’t sell for even close to ten dollars until the final years of her life. The Lewises continued to live a meager existence, with Everett taking on the lion’s share of work around the house as Maud’s arthritis continued to degenerate her mobility. Despite the attention of the occasional tourist, Lewis’s work remained fairly obscure for the majority of her life. All that changed in 1964, when the Toronto-based national newspaper  Star Weekly  wrote an article about her as a folk artist and brought her to the attention of audience across Canada, who quickly embraced her and her work. The attention only increased the following year, when the broadcasting network CBC featured her on its program  Telescope, which featured Canadians of varying degrees of notoriety who had made a difference in some way. In the final years of her life and following these major public mentions, Lewis was on the receiving end of commissions from a wide array of important figures – most notably, American president  Richard Nixon  commissioned a pair of paintings from her. She never left her home in Nova Scotia and was unable to keep up with the demand for artwork. Death and Legacy Maud Lewis,  Maud Lewis House, mixed media, 4.1 x 3.8 m. Collection of the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, purchased by the Province of Nova Scotia, 1984.   Maud’s health continued to deteriorate, and in the late 1960s, she spent most of her shuttling between painting in her home and visiting the hospital for treatment. Her declining health was exacerbated by the wood smoke of their home and the constant exposure to paint fumes without proper ventilation, and the lung issues this caused left her susceptible to pneumonia. She died on July 30, 1970, after battling pneumonia. After her death, demand for her paintings skyrocketed, as did the appearance of forgeries. Several paintings purported to be Maud’s were eventually proven to be fakes; many are suspected to be the handiwork of her husband Everett in an attempt to continue cashing in on her prominence. In recent years, Maud’s paintings have only grown more valuable. She has become something of a folk hero in her home province of Nova Scotia, which has long embraced artists with authenticity and unusual styles, and in Canada as a whole. In the 21st  century, her paintings have sold at prices well into five figures. After Everett’s death in 1979, the Lewises’ house began to fall into disrepair. In 1984, it was purchased by the Province of Nova Scotia, and the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia took over the care and preservation of the house. It now dwells in the gallery as part of a permanent exhibit of Maud’s works. Her paintings have made her a folk hero among the Canadian art community, and the bright joyfulness of her style, combined with the humble, often harsh realities of her life, have resonated with patrons and fans worldwide. Sources Bergman, Brian. â€Å"Paying Tribute To Painter Maud Lewis.†Ã‚  The Canadian Encyclopedia, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/paying-tribute-to-painter-maud-lewis/Stamberg, Susan. â€Å"Home Is Where The Art Is: The Unlikely Story of Folk Artist Maud Lewis.†Ã‚  NPR, https://www.npr.org/2017/06/19/532816482/home-is-where-the-art-is-the-unlikely-story-of-folk-artist-maud-lewisWoolaver, Lance.  The Illuminated Life of Maud Lewis. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing, 1995.

Governance and Politics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Governance and Politics - Assignment Example The prosperity of an organization or a nation highly depends on its political willpower and framework. Organizations adapt political strategies that will enable them to impact on the formulation and implementation of policies and regulations that affect them. These strategies could be reactive or proactive. Non-profit organizations are more democratic than profit organizations. This allows them to adapt proactive political strategies. These include government association and ‘Action’ Advocacy for example electoral, legislation, media, international, grassroots, public education and opinion shaping and legal advocacy. These political strategies are ‘outward-focused ‘and allow for dialogue, and often contest, with the government, for-profit organizations and the public (Bruce, 1992). For-profit organizations are less democratic. They usually adapt reactive political strategies as a means of presenting or defending their political positions on certain issues. Examples are direct and citizen participation, and representation strategies. These strategies give little room for dialogue with non-profit organizations and the public. If the nonprofit organization were a public education organization, the strategy would change to societal force mobilisation so ·ci ·e ·tal  Ã‚   Diversity on board enables an organization to benefit from the varied pool of thoughts and experiences. This enhances the organization’s problem-solving ability and its ability to utilize available global opportunities. According to Ramiez (2003), board diversity also helps to avoid remove corruption which is normally encouraged by close relations among board members. It enables a board, on behalf of the organization, to achieve a global reach for their business. This is a sign of improved effectiveness. This is true especially if the diversified

(FAR) Getting the Contract Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

(FAR) Getting the Contract - Research Paper Example 87). The pre-negotiation process may be very important to the company’s contractor because the efforts invested before going into the negotiations may be very instrumental in guaranteeing that the government will offer the contracts to the company. Some of the pre-negotiation activities that the company, in general, and the contractor will need to take include, collecting the company’s internal data that may be relevant to the negotiation; analyzing it, and using it as the lens, through which the future plans of the company can be formulated (Tomlin, 1989). After developing a clear picture of the future plans of the company, the company as a whole as well as the contractor will need to define the outcomes expected from the negotiation process, and also explore the goals of the government. The goals of the government, similar those of the company will be very instrumental in determining whether it will choose the company; which will depend on the company’s understanding of the goals and its potential to meet the government’s goals. The company can only be selected when the government conceives that it understands the goals to be realized through the contracts (Guth, 2008). By ensuring that the activities/steps mentioned before have been taken, the company should have gone through the three major stages of the pre-negotiation process. The three pre-negotiation stages that apply to the contractual negotiations of the company with the government include that the actions will enable the company to establish a relationship with the government (Tomlin, 1989). The second stage that will have been met is that the company will have gathered all the necessary information about the industry and the government, which will guarantee that it will offer its attention to valid data and information only. The third stage that will have been completed will be that of setting the

The Benefits And Challenges Of Elogistics

The Benefits And Challenges Of Elogistics The increased competition in all sectors due to globalization has forced the companies to reduce business costs. To reduce cost the companies are forming new management strategies like supply chain management and e- logistics. E- logistics means applying the concept of logistics electronically via the internet in order to conduct the business electronically. According to AMR Research( Challenger,2001), E- logistics helps to reduce cost by 10%. According to Sahay,B.S.(2003) logistics contribute to 10 to 12% of GDP . Based on two references e-logistics helps to save about 1.2% of GDP. That is why the companies like Dell, Compaq, Hewlett Packard is favourable to the E- logistics and supply chain management. E- commerce logistics are the activities that ensures that customers get what they need at right time at right place and at minimum cost. E-commerce logistics face many challenges in developing countries like higher tariffs, Complicated global trade rules, Global Terrorism and Geographical Barriers. The lack of knowledge of total cost in online merchant is the main cause for the failure of many electronic commerce in past decades. According to Hesse 2002, Gunasekaran et al 2003, E- logistics is an internet enabled logistics value chain that offer competitive logistics services like contract warehousing, public warehousing, distribution management, target consolidation and transport management.E- logistics consist of four components like one stop value added services, information management, automation in warehousing network and a transportation network. The one stop value added services helps to improve customer satisfaction .For example in government service one stop value added services like making queries and application, to search council services and to make payment can be done all at one time. Information management is where the information is exchanged through electronic media`s like WWW, Internet and EDI. Automation in warehousing operation will reduce human involvement in updating consolidation, loading and unloading. A Transportation network helps to increase flexibility and reduce transportation costs. The difference between traditional logistics and e- logistics are as follows. In case of traditional logistics the volume is very low because large amounts of goods are sent to lesser location like retail stores. But in case of e- logistics the lesser amount of materials are sent to many customers quickly. In case of traditional logistics the objective is that it is efficient and cost effective but in case of e- logistics it is more speed and can meet customer expectation.In case of traditional logistics the information is gathered through fax, paperwork and Management Information System(MIS) but in case of e- logistics the information is gathered through Internet, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Integrated IS. The E- logistics is more reliable and fast than traditional logistics. In Traditional logistics accountability of shipments is linked to limited supply chain but in e- logistics the accountability is expanded in whole supply chain. In E- logistics the customers have high expectation about quality of service and delivery of shipments but in case of traditional logistics the delivery of products is taking long time as the expectation of customer is not met because today`s customer needs faster delivery of goods. In case of traditional logistics there is less complexity in fulfilling international trade but in case of e- logistics there is larger complexity in fulfilling international trade. In e- logistics it is possible to place direct orders with distributors and producers and also helps in accessing more sellers globally but in case of traditional logistics it is mainly done through fax and paper works as it takes expensive and takes long time in getting reply from producers and distributors. In case of E- logistics the demand for shipment is lacking s tability and also not predictable due to huge number of customers but in case of traditional logistics the demand for shipment is predictable . The challenges of e- logistics in developing countries are economic and educational barriers, lack of infrastructure, security, trust and privacy, channel conflicts, delivery logistics, security problems and global terrorism and geographical barriers. In economic and educational barriers the main obstacles for e- logistics is the lack of economic resources, internet usage and standard of education. Most of e- logistics are used by advanced users in developing countries because of lack of resources to use the internet and shop online. Lack of infrastructure means developing countries poor telecommunication infrastructure and short access of computers create barrier in e- logistics .Internet access cost also result in barrier to e- logistics. Security,privacy and trust is different in different countries and there is no provision in many countries govt rules that e- logistics should be legally binding and trust worthy as such it create barriers in E- logistics. According to survey conducted by Forrester Research said that they turned off global trade because of difficulty in process in e- logistics. The main barrier for e- logistics for this is the language and cultural barriers that destroys the different stages of internet infrastructure and adoption and also incapable to deal with direct global orders. According to Leung et al 2000, Gunasekaran and Ngai (2004b), the benefits of e- logistics are enhancing customer service, minimizing cost and also meeting product delivery deadlines. It helps to develop web based inventory control and also helps in building relationship with large logistics companies like DHL,UPS and FedEx. It help to concentrate and understand the customers more readily. It helps in B2B2C à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬commerce for third part logistics (3PL) , it helps to SME`S to develop strategic alliance and also help to meet growing demand. In conclusion due to globalisation the importance of e- logistics is growing eventhough there are many challenges in e- logistics the significance of e- logistics cannot be ignored. In order to use e- logistics effectively we should understand the strength and weakness of e- logistics effectively and we should use in a proper way and should not misuse it. Last but not least in the coming future the importance of e- logistics will be higher and it will be used by many people in the future.

Overview Of The Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Care Essay

One illustration of diagnostic trial for the musculoskeletal system is Electromyography ( EMG ) . This diagnostic trial evaluates and records electrical activity of musculuss. It aids in diagnosing of lower motor nerve cell and peripheral nervus upsets. During the process, an electomyograph is used to bring forth a record called EMG, which determines what sort of upset the patient have. Small pins or acerate leafs are inserted into the musculuss and low electrical currents are passed through these, to mensurate the electrical activity of the patient ‘s musculuss. These electrical activity, determines the patient ‘s musculus ability to react when the nervus in the musculuss are stimulated. 2. Discuss musculoskeletal alterations associated with the aging procedure. When people ages, decrease motor activity are the frequently observation that can be sighted. This alteration is due to diminish motor nerve cells and motor fibres that are bring forth when a individual increases his/her age. Muscle mass is besides affected, in footings that the thin musculus mass is decreased while fat additions. The flexibleness and scope of gesture of an older individual are affected due to alterations in collagen construction and diminish physical activity, these decline consequences to muscle stiffness, joint spasms/pain, and decreased scope of gesture. Sensorimotor of an older grownup is besides affected. Due to aging, reduced neurotransmitters are produced that consequences decline of encephalon cells. In stead with this, the older grownup experience, lessening perceptual experience to quiver, temperature, and force per unit area. 3. Discuss patient readying for an arthroscopy. Arthroscopy, is a surgical direction in treating/diagnosing musculus upset by analyzing the internal construction of a joint utilizing an instrument called arthroscope. In fixing a patient for this process, the wellness status of the patient is the first thing to see. The patient should non hold bosom and lung diseases, should non hold taken decoagulants ( blood dilutants ) hebdomads before the process, do n't hold diabetes and high blood force per unit area to be able to measure up for this process. Physical scrutiny, blood trials and uranalysis are done to hold baselines for the patient ‘s wellness. If the patient is positive for any bosom or lung jobs, electrocardiogram ( EKG ) and chest X ray are done to measure the patient ‘s wellness capacity if he/she is capable for this process. 4. Discuss constituents of a musculoskeletal physical appraisal. In musculoskeletal physical appraisal, the cephalocaudal mode is followed along with IPPA, ROM and musculus testing are used in analyzing the musculoskeletal status of the patient. The equipments to be used are tape step, goniometer – to mensurate joint angles and tegument marker pen. Get downing of with this appraisal, stance and pace is assessed, the spinal column for any curvature and position, temporomandibular articulation, thoracolumbar spinal column, upper appendages ( shoulder, shoulder blade, caput, thorax, cervix, arm, cubitus, carpuss, custodies, and fingers ) , lower appendages ( hip, articulatio genus, mortise joint, pes and toes tenderness, hardened musculus cramps, swelling, flexure of the musculuss of the patient are assessed.Web Assignment1. Sum up an article discoursing techniques used in measuring the musculoskeletal system. How do the constituents of the wellness history guide the appraisal? In an article that I had read, musculoskeletal system appraisal is foremost started with current ailments of the patient. In footings of if he/she has joint, muscular, skeletal ailments, hurt or back hurting. The wellness history of the patient is reviewed, compromised of past history – injury: nervousnesss, articulations, castanetss, soft tissue, surgery on bone or joint, skeletal malformations, and chronic unwellness, household history – inborn abnormalcies or familial upsets, present unwellness, and personal and societal history. Health history reappraisals are normally done in order to find the implicit in hazard factors on why the patient has the present disablement. It besides give cognition to the wellness squad member that will execute the trial the extent of physical appraisal he/she will execute to the patient in order to forestall any farther complications if the patient has any unwellness that he/she ca n't make in holding the appraisal. In readying for this, equipments – tegument marker pens, tape step and goniometer ( to mensurate joint angles ) are needed to execute the appraisal. The techniques normally used in cephalocaudal mode – IPPA, ROM, and musculus testing. In IPPA it is compromised of – Inspection, Palpation, Percussion and Auscultation. In review, the alliance, contour, symmetricalness, tallness and weight, gross malformation, position ( standing and sitting ) , pace and mobility ( walking and standing ) , size and form, contour and overall visual aspect of musculus mass are normally assessed with the patient. In tactual exploration, swelling, tenderness, heat, nodules, multitudes, edema are frequently examined. The scope of gesture ( ROM ) of the patient is tested if the patient can travel his/her articulations and musculus freely without the presence of hurting. The musculus strength is tested by using opposition while the patient is traveling his/her articulations and musculuss. N ormally the flexure, extension, sidelong bending, rotary motion, abduction, adduction, inversion, and eversion are normally tested in patient ‘s ROM. Physical appraisal of musculoskeletal system, are needed to cognize beforehand any unnatural status with a individual. Proper mode of appraisal should be followed in order to hold an organized work and accurate consequences in the patient status. Always retrieve to admit patients feelings of hurting and uncomfortableness in order to forestall any farther more complications.