The Benefits And Challenges Of Elogistics

The Benefits And Challenges Of Elogistics The increased competition in all sectors due to globalization has forced the companies to reduce business costs. To reduce cost the companies are forming new management strategies like supply chain management and e- logistics. E- logistics means applying the concept of logistics electronically via the internet in order to conduct the business electronically. According to AMR Research( Challenger,2001), E- logistics helps to reduce cost by 10%. According to Sahay,B.S.(2003) logistics contribute to 10 to 12% of GDP . Based on two references e-logistics helps to save about 1.2% of GDP. That is why the companies like Dell, Compaq, Hewlett Packard is favourable to the E- logistics and supply chain management. E- commerce logistics are the activities that ensures that customers get what they need at right time at right place and at minimum cost. E-commerce logistics face many challenges in developing countries like higher tariffs, Complicated global trade rules, Global Terrorism and Geographical Barriers. The lack of knowledge of total cost in online merchant is the main cause for the failure of many electronic commerce in past decades. According to Hesse 2002, Gunasekaran et al 2003, E- logistics is an internet enabled logistics value chain that offer competitive logistics services like contract warehousing, public warehousing, distribution management, target consolidation and transport management.E- logistics consist of four components like one stop value added services, information management, automation in warehousing network and a transportation network. The one stop value added services helps to improve customer satisfaction .For example in government service one stop value added services like making queries and application, to search council services and to make payment can be done all at one time. Information management is where the information is exchanged through electronic media`s like WWW, Internet and EDI. Automation in warehousing operation will reduce human involvement in updating consolidation, loading and unloading. A Transportation network helps to increase flexibility and reduce transportation costs. The difference between traditional logistics and e- logistics are as follows. In case of traditional logistics the volume is very low because large amounts of goods are sent to lesser location like retail stores. But in case of e- logistics the lesser amount of materials are sent to many customers quickly. In case of traditional logistics the objective is that it is efficient and cost effective but in case of e- logistics it is more speed and can meet customer expectation.In case of traditional logistics the information is gathered through fax, paperwork and Management Information System(MIS) but in case of e- logistics the information is gathered through Internet, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Integrated IS. The E- logistics is more reliable and fast than traditional logistics. In Traditional logistics accountability of shipments is linked to limited supply chain but in e- logistics the accountability is expanded in whole supply chain. In E- logistics the customers have high expectation about quality of service and delivery of shipments but in case of traditional logistics the delivery of products is taking long time as the expectation of customer is not met because today`s customer needs faster delivery of goods. In case of traditional logistics there is less complexity in fulfilling international trade but in case of e- logistics there is larger complexity in fulfilling international trade. In e- logistics it is possible to place direct orders with distributors and producers and also helps in accessing more sellers globally but in case of traditional logistics it is mainly done through fax and paper works as it takes expensive and takes long time in getting reply from producers and distributors. In case of E- logistics the demand for shipment is lacking s tability and also not predictable due to huge number of customers but in case of traditional logistics the demand for shipment is predictable . The challenges of e- logistics in developing countries are economic and educational barriers, lack of infrastructure, security, trust and privacy, channel conflicts, delivery logistics, security problems and global terrorism and geographical barriers. In economic and educational barriers the main obstacles for e- logistics is the lack of economic resources, internet usage and standard of education. Most of e- logistics are used by advanced users in developing countries because of lack of resources to use the internet and shop online. Lack of infrastructure means developing countries poor telecommunication infrastructure and short access of computers create barrier in e- logistics .Internet access cost also result in barrier to e- logistics. Security,privacy and trust is different in different countries and there is no provision in many countries govt rules that e- logistics should be legally binding and trust worthy as such it create barriers in E- logistics. According to survey conducted by Forrester Research said that they turned off global trade because of difficulty in process in e- logistics. The main barrier for e- logistics for this is the language and cultural barriers that destroys the different stages of internet infrastructure and adoption and also incapable to deal with direct global orders. According to Leung et al 2000, Gunasekaran and Ngai (2004b), the benefits of e- logistics are enhancing customer service, minimizing cost and also meeting product delivery deadlines. It helps to develop web based inventory control and also helps in building relationship with large logistics companies like DHL,UPS and FedEx. It help to concentrate and understand the customers more readily. It helps in B2B2C à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬commerce for third part logistics (3PL) , it helps to SME`S to develop strategic alliance and also help to meet growing demand. In conclusion due to globalisation the importance of e- logistics is growing eventhough there are many challenges in e- logistics the significance of e- logistics cannot be ignored. In order to use e- logistics effectively we should understand the strength and weakness of e- logistics effectively and we should use in a proper way and should not misuse it. Last but not least in the coming future the importance of e- logistics will be higher and it will be used by many people in the future.

Overview Of The Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Care Essay

One illustration of diagnostic trial for the musculoskeletal system is Electromyography ( EMG ) . This diagnostic trial evaluates and records electrical activity of musculuss. It aids in diagnosing of lower motor nerve cell and peripheral nervus upsets. During the process, an electomyograph is used to bring forth a record called EMG, which determines what sort of upset the patient have. Small pins or acerate leafs are inserted into the musculuss and low electrical currents are passed through these, to mensurate the electrical activity of the patient ‘s musculuss. These electrical activity, determines the patient ‘s musculus ability to react when the nervus in the musculuss are stimulated. 2. Discuss musculoskeletal alterations associated with the aging procedure. When people ages, decrease motor activity are the frequently observation that can be sighted. This alteration is due to diminish motor nerve cells and motor fibres that are bring forth when a individual increases his/her age. Muscle mass is besides affected, in footings that the thin musculus mass is decreased while fat additions. The flexibleness and scope of gesture of an older individual are affected due to alterations in collagen construction and diminish physical activity, these decline consequences to muscle stiffness, joint spasms/pain, and decreased scope of gesture. Sensorimotor of an older grownup is besides affected. Due to aging, reduced neurotransmitters are produced that consequences decline of encephalon cells. In stead with this, the older grownup experience, lessening perceptual experience to quiver, temperature, and force per unit area. 3. Discuss patient readying for an arthroscopy. Arthroscopy, is a surgical direction in treating/diagnosing musculus upset by analyzing the internal construction of a joint utilizing an instrument called arthroscope. In fixing a patient for this process, the wellness status of the patient is the first thing to see. The patient should non hold bosom and lung diseases, should non hold taken decoagulants ( blood dilutants ) hebdomads before the process, do n't hold diabetes and high blood force per unit area to be able to measure up for this process. Physical scrutiny, blood trials and uranalysis are done to hold baselines for the patient ‘s wellness. If the patient is positive for any bosom or lung jobs, electrocardiogram ( EKG ) and chest X ray are done to measure the patient ‘s wellness capacity if he/she is capable for this process. 4. Discuss constituents of a musculoskeletal physical appraisal. In musculoskeletal physical appraisal, the cephalocaudal mode is followed along with IPPA, ROM and musculus testing are used in analyzing the musculoskeletal status of the patient. The equipments to be used are tape step, goniometer – to mensurate joint angles and tegument marker pen. Get downing of with this appraisal, stance and pace is assessed, the spinal column for any curvature and position, temporomandibular articulation, thoracolumbar spinal column, upper appendages ( shoulder, shoulder blade, caput, thorax, cervix, arm, cubitus, carpuss, custodies, and fingers ) , lower appendages ( hip, articulatio genus, mortise joint, pes and toes tenderness, hardened musculus cramps, swelling, flexure of the musculuss of the patient are assessed.Web Assignment1. Sum up an article discoursing techniques used in measuring the musculoskeletal system. How do the constituents of the wellness history guide the appraisal? In an article that I had read, musculoskeletal system appraisal is foremost started with current ailments of the patient. In footings of if he/she has joint, muscular, skeletal ailments, hurt or back hurting. The wellness history of the patient is reviewed, compromised of past history – injury: nervousnesss, articulations, castanetss, soft tissue, surgery on bone or joint, skeletal malformations, and chronic unwellness, household history – inborn abnormalcies or familial upsets, present unwellness, and personal and societal history. Health history reappraisals are normally done in order to find the implicit in hazard factors on why the patient has the present disablement. It besides give cognition to the wellness squad member that will execute the trial the extent of physical appraisal he/she will execute to the patient in order to forestall any farther complications if the patient has any unwellness that he/she ca n't make in holding the appraisal. In readying for this, equipments – tegument marker pens, tape step and goniometer ( to mensurate joint angles ) are needed to execute the appraisal. The techniques normally used in cephalocaudal mode – IPPA, ROM, and musculus testing. In IPPA it is compromised of – Inspection, Palpation, Percussion and Auscultation. In review, the alliance, contour, symmetricalness, tallness and weight, gross malformation, position ( standing and sitting ) , pace and mobility ( walking and standing ) , size and form, contour and overall visual aspect of musculus mass are normally assessed with the patient. In tactual exploration, swelling, tenderness, heat, nodules, multitudes, edema are frequently examined. The scope of gesture ( ROM ) of the patient is tested if the patient can travel his/her articulations and musculus freely without the presence of hurting. The musculus strength is tested by using opposition while the patient is traveling his/her articulations and musculuss. N ormally the flexure, extension, sidelong bending, rotary motion, abduction, adduction, inversion, and eversion are normally tested in patient ‘s ROM. Physical appraisal of musculoskeletal system, are needed to cognize beforehand any unnatural status with a individual. Proper mode of appraisal should be followed in order to hold an organized work and accurate consequences in the patient status. Always retrieve to admit patients feelings of hurting and uncomfortableness in order to forestall any farther more complications.

The Historical And Intellectual Trends - 1746 Words

Modern Cuban culture cannot simply be defined in a singular fashion. The convergence of peoples from multiple ethnic and cultural backgrounds, ranging from the Iberia and Italy to Africa and China has significantly influenced the evolution of the unique culture of the Cuban population. However, of these, it is the Spanish and African influences that have very distinctly remained, shaping societal norms, and setting culturally artistic precedents. For Afro-Cubans however, the struggle to greater recognition of cultural influence has been enormous. Racial oppression and socio-economic disparity has been a tumultuous journey for Cuba’s (population of Afro-Cubans) Afro-Cuban or black Cuban population. The purpose of this paper will be to†¦show more content†¦In his famous text, Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar, Ortiz explains how the cultures and peoples that descended upon the island, beginning with the native Ciboney and Taino, did not simple assume one anotherâ₠¬â„¢s culture, but converged to create completely new cultures and societal norms (Ortiz, 99). Though sadly, the majority of these original tribes were completely eliminated by the Spanish, they remain alive in words such as, â€Å"manatee, hammock, hurricane, and tobacco† (Kronenburg, 51). However, to say that Spanish and African peoples descended upon Cuba would be misleading; hence the more accurate use of transculturation to describe the intersection of a range of cultures from the Iberian Peninsula including Galicians, Basque, Portuguese, and from western Africa including Congolese, Angolan, and Guinean (Kronenburg, 52). Even more interesting than the etymology of Cuba’s ethnic history is the implications of how transculturation played into the historical and social construction of power dynamics in Cuba. Ortiz states that throughout Cuban history, one culture was not only attempting to gain power and wealth for themselves, but systematically set up a culture that disenfranchised another population; this is seem most directly with the institution of slavery by the Spanish (Ortiz, 101). The power dynamic created by the institution of slavery can certainly be pointed to as a

The American Foreign Policy During The Vietnam War

Andrew J. Bacevich was born 1947 in Normal, Illinois. In 1969, he graduated from the U.S. Military Academy and served in the Vietnam War for a year from 1970 to 1971. He retired in the early 1990’s with the rank of Colonel after also holding posts in Germany, Persian Gulf, and the United States. He later earned his Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University. He is a professor at Boston University, currently teaching international relations. He is also a retired career officer of the U.S. Army and one of the former directors of Boston University’s Center for International Relations. In 2007, his son, First Lieutenant Andrew Bacevich Jr., who also served in the U.S. Army, was killed in action at the age of 27. In Andrew Bacevich s The Limits of Power, he argues that the utterly corrupt American Foreign Policy was caused by presidential imperialism and the implemented National Security system that controlled the formulation and delivery of the American Foreign Policy throughout the Cold War. The alliance between the presidency and National Security originated with the National Security Council Report 68, also known as simply NSC-68, which was presented to Truman and grew in extent during that time and into modern times. Later, George W. Bush and his faculty worked with, and expanded, an already existing mentality in both the body politic and the National Security that is our government. The body politic gave approval to the proposed arrangement with theirShow MoreRelatedU.s. Vietnam War On American Culture, Politics, And Foreign Policy1060 Words   |  5 Pageshistory, the Vietnam War has left a deep and lasting impact on American culture, politics, and foreign policy. 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Kennedy lacked a clear policy in Vietnam we have to compare the policies of Dwight Eisenhower’s in Vietnam and John F. Kennedys policies and how it contradicted with their ideologies. DWIGHT EISENHOWERS FOREIGN POLICY VS. JOHN F. KENNEDYS FOREIGN POLICY The view by some historians is that The Dwight Eisenhower foreign policy was popularly known as the â€Å"New Look†. This policy aimedRead MoreDuring the Vietnam War Era1109 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Vietnam War era, the United States and other democratic and free nations were fearful of communism spreading to more parts of the world. They fought two world wars to protect freedom, and to contain the communist movements. The foreign policy of the United States evolved to that of a pre-emptive type strike on the possibility of communism surfacing and threatening free countries. Harry S. Truman began to theorize that if a communist nation took over a non-communist state, then neighboringRead MoreThe Evolution of Manifest Destiny831 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the nineteenth century, manifest destiny became a particularly common concept. This idea stated that Americans were destined to expand across the western frontier and the world because the â€Å"superior† A nglo-Saxon race had received God’s divine blessing to do so. The idea first came about during the American Revolution in the 1700s and continued through such events as the Civil War and other nineteenth century conflicts. Americans became involved with Cuba, the Philippines and their turmoilRead MoreA Critical Analysis of the Key National Security Issues Faced in the Post-Vietnam War Period566 Words   |  3 PagesPost-Vietnam War Period There have been a lot of developments that happened during the Vietnam War that concerns the key national security issues of the country. However, there are an also a lot of significant changes that occurred after that historical event, that forever changed the policy conceptualization and implementation of national and foreign-related issues. The administration of Richard Nixon was greatly affected by the Vietnam War. Due to the fact that the US failed to win the war inRead MorePoliceman of the World Essay916 Words   |  4 Pagesthe British in 1776, the United States foreign policy over the years has gone from expansionist to isolationism to defending democracy. With the responsibility of defending democratic rights for those who cannot defend themselves, the United States in my opinion has taken on the role of â€Å"policeman of the world.† This role became more evident with the use of U.S. military force in international incidents like U.S. intervention in the 2011 Libyan Civil War to oust Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, and

Business Analysis Coso Enterprise Risk Management Framework

Angela Peng ACCT 501 Prof. Dennis A. Conrad January 23, 2016 COSO Enterprise Risk Management Framework Introduction Enterprises are exposed to various risks that decrease the chances of achieving their business goals both internally and externally. Internally, there are company politics and mismanagement. Externally, factors such as economic environment, regulations and technology influence risks. It is important for an enterprise to build framework for good risk management, which is â€Å"the process of identification, analysis and either acceptance or mitigation of uncertainty in investment decision-making.† (Investopedia, â€Å"Risk Management†) This paper is on a widely-accepted enterprise risk management framework created by Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2004 and its impact on Accounting Information System (AIS). Enterprise Risk Management Every company aims to utilize its resources efficiently to maximize the benefits of its stakeholders. With a satisfying rate of return, investors invest more in the company, customers trust the quality of its products, and employees keep a stable job. However, every enterprise is always faced with some degree of uncertainty. Uncertainty can be categorized as two types: risk and opportunity depending on how the enterprise treat the challenge. Take the online shopping as an example. Before the online retail became a mainstream, many retailers foresaw the opportunities online. 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Management is a synergy of four things, which particularly are planning, organizing, leading and controlling and all of these provisions are important for the sake of an organization. In order to effectivelyRead MoreSection 404 Sarbanes Oxley1957 Words   |  8 Pagesis a legislation enacted in 2002 under the sponsorship of U.S. Senator Paul Sarbanes (D-MD) and U.S. Representative Michael G. Oxley (R-OH). The law introduced increased government oversight for publicly held companies. It also imposes additional management responsibilities and corporate operating costs on companies trading under SEC regulations. Sarbanes-Oxley was enacted in direct response to a number of corporate accounting scandals, including those of Enron, Tyco International, and WorldCom. AsRead MoreManagement Accounting : Code Of Ethics1588 Words   |  7 PagesManagement Accountants’ Code of Ethics A code of ethics is necessary for the success of any type of business whether it be a professional service organization such as a law firm or an accounting firm, a manufacturing company such as Chrysler, Toyota, Apple or Microsoft, or a retail company such as Walmart or Target. Within each type of organization lie various types of services that are governed or controlled by a specific set of standards and code of ethics. Each set of standards and code of ethicsRead MoreCoso and Coco1621 Words   |  7 Pagesincurred by the board of directors or the administration and other personal that is designed to provide management with reasonable assurance on the achievement of the effectiveness of operations, the reliability of financial information and compliance with laws and regulations. One of the first countries in having an internal control was the United States with its model of internal control called COSO focusing in research and guidance on the control environment dealing with behavioral issues and providingRead MoreCoso Framework3220 Words   |  13 PagesEnterprise Risk Management — Integrated Framework Executive Summary September 2004 Copyright  © 2004 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. All rights reserved. You are hereby authorized to download and distribute unlimited copies of this Executive Summary PDF document, for internal use by you and your firm. You may not remove any copyright or trademark notices, such as the  ©, TM, or  ® symbols, from the downloaded copy. For any form of commercial exploitationRead MoreWhy WP Should Apply ERM for Stakeholders Essay932 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the definition of ERM from COSO, ERM is: †¢ A process, ongoing and flowing through a company; †¢ Every people at every level of an organization will affect ERM; †¢ ERM is applied in strategy setting; †¢ ERM is applied every level and unit across the company and consider the risk at entity level; †¢ Identify the potential risks which affect the company and manage these risks within its risk appetite; †¢ Has the ability to provide suitable assurance to the management and boards. Why WP should implementRead MoreEnterprise Risk Management ( Erm )1166 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) In light of the fraud scandals that took place in 2001 and 2002 companies all over the world have been introduced to a new system to help incorporate corporate governance, risk management, and the requirements made by the SOX. 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For any form of commercial exploitation distributionRead MoreIntegrating Risk Management And Management Control1871 Words   |  8 PagesIntegrating risk management (RM) and management control together has been considered as a significantly essential approach to bring about high quality of RM. This idea has been developed since the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) published integrated framework for internal control in 1992. Ten yeas later, Section 404 compliance, which is part of Sarbanses-Oxley Act, was enacted in 2002 for the purpose of reviewing and reporting on ef fectiveness of internal control

Micro Operation at Airlines Free Essays

_____________________________________________________________________ B200B TMA Spring 2013 _____________________________________________________________________ Question: ‘The airline industry has firms which can be great examples of operations management. There are processes and resources to manage very carefully in order to have satisfactory outputs and results’. Analyze the above statement using examples from B200B material and an airline company, and discuss in particular the following issues: managing micro-operations for an airliner, handling emergencies and delays, serving passengers, reservations handling, baggage handling, meals, maintenance, training of crew†¦ (100 Marks) NOTES TO STUDENTS Cut-off date: Submit this assignment no later than 27 April, 2013. We will write a custom essay sample on Micro Operation at Airlines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Word count: 1500 words (plus or minus 10%). Referencing: You must acknowledge all your sources of information using full Harvard Style Referencing (in-text referencing plus list of references at the end). Use E-library: to get journal articles on the topic (using Emerald or EBSCO). Use at least 2 or 3 articles. Plagiarism: It is very important to use your own words. Plagiarism will lead to a significant loss of marks. Extensive plagiarism could mean that you failed your TMA. Plagiarism means copying from internet, from unreferenced sources, from other students’ TMAs or any other source. Penalties for plagiarism ranges from failure in the TMA to expulsion from the university. Answering: Your response to the question should take the form of a full essay format divided into a number of paragraphs with introduction and conclusion without subheadings and bullet points. Use B200 ‘reader three’ chapters (Processes), especially chapters 1, 2, 4. Also search information on a specific airline company and use E-library. This TMA is 20% of B200B Grade. How to cite Micro Operation at Airlines, Papers

Transportation Distribution Management In Toyota Motor - free Samples

Question: Discuss about theTransportation Distribution Management In Toyota Motor Corporation. Answer: Introduction: Company Brief: Toyota Motor Corporation is an automotive manufacturer headquartered in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It was founded in 1933 by Kiichiro Toyoda, and started production of automobiles as Toyoda Automatic Loom Works. Toyota is headed by President and CEO Akio Toyoda and chairman of board Takeshi Uchiyamada. Its major shareholders are Japan Trustee Services Bank, Toyota Industries Corporation, Master Trust Bank and Nippon Life Insurance Company. It's primary business activities comprises of vehicle production and manufacturing of vehicles parts. It is also involved in nonautomotive business such as financial services for vehicle leasing and purchasing, web-based informatics on vehicles, and biotechnology. It is the first automobile manufacturer to succeed in producing 10 million vehicles in a single year. As of 2016, Toyota is the global leader in automotive manufacturing ahead of General Motors, Volkswagen, and Hyundai. Its revenue in 2015 amounted to $239 billion. In terms of market capita lisation, Toyota is the largest company in its home country Japan. US and Japan remain the biggest markets for Toyota's vehicles. In terms of sales, Toyota is the market leader in selling hybrid electric vehicles. Its company strategy has been to focus on lean framework in manufacturing and JIT inventory (Corporation, 2016). Purpose of the Report: The following report intends at evaluation of transportation and distribution capability of Toyota Motor Corporation, the properties of automotive products manufactured by Toyota and key areas of transportation of Toyota's products are also examined. Selection is done upon latest incoterms to provide relevance, and E, F, C D groups of incoterms are used for recommendations. Several parameters such as geo-coverage, transit reliability, transportation costs and technical capabilities are used for carrier selection in order to present appropriate justification of modes selected. Moreover, transportation performance is evaluated in light of several predetermined relationship management to provide interpretations from different perspectives. Incoterms Selection Consideration: As mentioned by Chan Zhang (2011 p.2325) transportation capability of manufacturing concerns are positively correlated with the market expansions of new products of the concerns. Moreover, Palensky Dietrich (2011, p.387) states that relevance of demand forecasting and inventory management relies upon the distributing capability of the organisation. Toyota Corporation transports and distributes over 96 million automobile parts and accessories every year. It has refurbished it 35-year-old distribution and delivery network using computer modeling and the distribution database software focuses first on its Lexus section and then at the others. Rexhausen, Pibernik Kaiser (2012) states that for distribution and logistical requirement of the manufacturer providing both accessories and heavy products carrier operations requires being divided into multiple segments. For distribution purposes, four channels were drawn up being Toyota for high end and large automobiles, Toyopet for medium-si zed automobiles and Netz Toyota for compact cars, automotive accessories. Toyopet and Toyota divisions have a capacity of transporting around 56 million automotive parts and large vehicles from factory floors to dealer outlets, whereas Netz Toyota ships are capable of distributing approx 65 million vehicle parts and compacts and accessories. As stated by,An, Lee Shin (2011) product characteristics influences the transportation and distribution mediums since the size of the product is a prerequisite towards the formulation of distribution networks. Toyota manufactures hybrid-electric hatchbacks, pickup trucks, compact cars, sedans, sports utility vehicles (SUV), minivans, compact crossover SUVs, land cruisers. It also produces small automotive parts, leather seats, tire and other accessories for other automobile businesses. Toyota has operations around all six continents. Toyota Corporation follows a delivery at terminal (DAT) policy for its emerging markets such as the South American and Asian markets. Therefore, Toyota takes up the responsibility of logistics and the risks involved in freight in emerging market as it realizes the importance of building brand reliability. Moreover, del Castillo Tello et al. (2015) states that transportation logistics services in urban markets comprise undertaking responsibility regarding the delay in lag time along with responsibility regard to delivery. Therefore, for its developed automobile markets such as the North American and European markets it follows a policy of delivery at the terminal (DAT) as it anticipates that through mitigation of transportation risks it could continue expanding its market share in European and North American markets through streamlined service delivery. As per Jiangping Shuai (2012), markets and economies that have low customs duties r equire outbound logistical operations to be conducted in a manner complementing the exporter of such products as the exporter comparatively has a disadvantage regarding outward transportation of goods. Moreover, Rexhausen, Pibernik Kaiser (2012) states that storing, stuffing, translating operations assessment reveals that product damages are primarily occurring in the initial exporting stages thereby a reputed business should take responsibility towards its outbound distribution. Toyota requires to follow delivered at place (DAP) services in low income countries like South Africa, Cuba, Mexico, India since Lambert, Riopel Abdul-Kader (2011, p.570) states that dealers and consumers in these economies cannot bear the burden of high logistic costs leading to a shrinkage in market share of the company in these locations. Further, for its African markets, Toyota requires to focus on minimising risks of its dealers as the market itself is developing with low-income consumers. For its Sc andinavian locations, Toyota requires to continue with their delivery at place (DAP) service policy as dealer and end users in these economies can afford to have both cost and responsibilities relating to the automobiles. While highly developed markets such as UK and France as well as Canada requires Toyota to follow a delivery at the terminal (DAT) as even though these markets have strong economies but because of accessibility issues from the manufacturing locations and competitive markets with a large number of indigenous automobile manufacturers present. Moreover, as per Jin et al. (2010) marine transportation of automotive products requires risk mitigation as regards to unfavourable climate changes in sea routes, therefore for Toyotas Oceania markets comprising of Australia, New Zealand along with Papua New Guinea Toyota needs to follow a Delivery at Terminal (DAT) policy here since the highest proportion of risk is already undertaken by Toyota once it docks its products through the freight corridor. Carrier Selection Criteria: Toyota Motors, in this study, knows the future capacity for the contracts taken up. Therefore, the deciding factor for the selection of the carrier for the Toyota Motor Corporation depends on the contract issue capacity and service that is to be provided. Geographic Coverage: According to Kye, Lee Lee (2013,p.711), the mode of the carrier selected has to be judged on the total geographical area, the distance between the manufacturer company and the delivery point, that is to be covered in the contract entered. For example, If the delivery spot is inland or within the country, the best option is to choose road carriages in such cases. The main issue arising is the cost of the carrier that is incurred by choosing a particular mode. The company at times chooses some expensive carriage mode which results in more cost. Toyota Corporation may be able to reduce its logistics expenses through choosing cheaper carriage selection in terms of cross-boundary transportation. Selection of waterways transportation over freight transfer through airways is a better option. Moreover, costs of developing and maintaining routes are low. Accessories can be transported using air freights as they comprise of smaller diameters and the air freights can conveniently be distributed as their overhead costs. However, in the case of large automotive parts, using sea transportation through large freight carriers are recommended even though sea transportation is perceived to deliver goods at a slower rate compared to other forms of transport. Average Transit Time and Reliability: In the words of Martens, Golub Robinson (2012, p.785), the actual total length of the transit time and the reliability on that time is an important consideration. The duration of time required for the transition helps to decide the mode of carriage. The issue with this is that the carrier options that are chosen by Toyota Corporation to save the cost such as marine transportation takes longer transit time and the carriage that have less transit time such as transferring automotive parts through airways or by freight trucks incurs a high cost. Therefore, in the case of African and Latin American markets railways should be the chosen mode of transportation for Toyota as the road infrastructure is poor leading to high freight charges. However, for Toyota's Oceania and Asian markets because of accessibility issues marine transportation using sea freight carriers are the best way for distribution and delivery of automotive logistics. 3.3 Reliability of on-time pickup and delivery: For the goodwill of the company, it has to deliver the goods on scheduled time to the customers and for this; it has to choose a mode that he is reliable of on-time pickup and delivery (Martens, Golub Robinson 2012, p.65). Toyota Corporation needs to streamline its delivery process through a mix of rail and road delivery. For short distances road transportation through freight trucks is economical while for delivery spanning long distances transport through the land the railways are the optimum transportation medium. A beforehand estimation of the transit time through several means are to be undertaken by Toyota would be a better way to depend on and chose the mode of carriage. Technical Capabilities and Information Sharing: While choosing the carriage system the technical capabilities of the vehicle to deliver the type of the goods is to be considered. The choosing of lightweight vehicles for heavy goods or a heavy vehicle for lighter goods, results in the damage of the goods or higher cost (Zhang et al. 2011, p.1633) The type of the goods to be delivered has to be first taken under a category and then the carriage must be chosen. Product Protection: The company needs to check if the carrier company provides for a safe and secure packaging of the goods or not. As a reason, this may result in fatal damage to the goods causing loss to the company. The issues that have been seen lately is the poor packaging of the product resulting in product damage. However, in the recent decade, such issues have become less. Before selecting the carrier is it recommended checking the previous goods damaging experience of the company. Carriers Financial Stability and Charges: The freight charges differ for different carrier companies, however, it is the company's duty to check the company's financial stability and compare the charges and then choose (Zacharewicz, Deschamps Francois, 2011, p.601). Issues with higher freight charges are that some companies are not financially stable and may use unfair means to release the charges. The company must check and choose a company and rely on it for all its carrier services. Carrier management of Toyota Corporation through selecting marine transportation for geographical location separated by large water bodies while for inland transportation railways is the recommended mode of logistics service systems into practice. The selection of such modes of transport by Toyota Corporation is towards minimising delivery time through the use of railways and minimizing logistics costs through utilising the sea routes. Carrier Relationship Management: Management of the effective carrier relationship management is a must for maintaining the balance of the contracts and the carrier service taken into account. The different types of the carrier relationship management are: Arms length carrier relationship management. Type I partnership carrier relationship management. Type II partnership carrier relationship management. Type III partnership carrier relationship management. Joint ventures carrier relationship management. Vertical integrations carrier relationship management. The Toyota company follows the Arms length carrier relationship management system for maintaining the relationship. This kind of relationship could be taken by only those companies which have their own independent view in any kind of party transaction. Toyota being an independent company uses this relationship system (Stathopoulos, Valeri Marcucci, 2012, p.36). The control division of Toyota takes a more serious approach for the management of its inland logistic networks so that the delivering of the products could be done accurately and timely. In the words of Steve Brown, the vice-president of logistics control, Toyota, Toyota demands and tries to follow the same process of logistics wherever it may be in the world. Toyota has a small inventory, involved in this section and thus prefer to do small lot delivery, basically following a large and flexible trucking network for timely delivery (Rushton, Croucher Baker, 2014, p.641). Figure 1: The Inbound Trucking Network of the Toyota Motor Corporation. (Source: Toyota's Total Supply Chain Vision - Automotive Logistics, 2013) The company wants a smooth flow of deliveries of the product and so believes in the trucking network during inland deliveries, goods carrier trains and waterways for the foreign delivery. The inbound carrier service is highly synchronized. The vehicles, the routes the codes all are planned and secure. Different Toyota Motor Corporation is present all over the world and no matter how much it tries following the same carrier relationship is however not possible. Many a branch prefers to use the Arm's length carrier relationship management whereas others may prefer the other types of relationships. This choosing depends on the geographical factors, the country's economic background and also on the availability of the resources (Farahani, Rezapour Kardar, 2011, p.1674) By analysing the above study, the company, Toyota could be recommended to bring in the other carrier relationship management that eliminates unnecessary costs as relates to logistical operations. The following a new system may give some better results or may improve the carrier relationship more. To maintain this carrier relationship the company must follow on its commitment and the data that it provides to its carriers. The data regarding the goods is very important for the carriers during the bid process; hence the company must provide the carrier with all the necessary details required. Instead of hiring different carriers for different deliveries, the company must keep an opportunity to bring the carrier service as its partner carrier into the company. This will increase the chance of any fraud any losses and also the costing will become reduced. Holding of the annual meetings of its carriers to review the performances and the problems faced by the carriers and resolve them. Conclusion: Analysis of logistical operations and distributions policies of Toyota concludes that the company, being an independent entity, follows the Arm's length carrier relationship management. The Toyota company follows this management for the all the branches worldwide. The ways of improving the Toyota Company with its carrier servicers has been discussed and also the ways of communicating has been discussed. The carrier of the goods requires a lot much information regarding the goods from the company for the accurate delivery of the goods. This information is to be given to the goods carrier companies by Toyota. Toyota employs several logistical service patterns in several locations and even though the automobile manufacturer has succeeded in providing high end and environmentally friendly products to its end users, it requires several changes to be made in terms of international carrier policies. The responsibility parameters require being changed in terms of economic variables and acces sibility factor. Also, the distribution facilities is robust in certain markets like the US, India, and Canada, while it's marketed in the middle east and Central Africa, are underdeveloped compared to industry benchmarks. While Toyota has been able to sustain robust deliverance in top markets, it has failed inadequate carrier selection in markets requiring compact cars and low-end vehicles. References: Books: Farahani, R. Z., Rezapour, S., Kardar, L. (2011). Logistics operations and management: concepts and models. Elsevier. Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2014). 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