Martha Stewart and Inside Trading Act essays

Martha Stewart and Inside Trading Act expositions As indicated by Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, insider exchanging is any manipulative or tricky gadget regarding the buy or offer of any security. This decision filled in as an obstruction for the early piece of this century prior to the financial exchange turned out to be such a fundamental piece of our lives. Be that as it may, as the 1960's shown up and unlawful insider action started to get, courts were confounded by this ambiguous definition. So legal individuals had to decipher this thought since Congress never gave a solid definition. Thus, two hypotheses of insider exchanging obligation have developed in the course of recent decades through legal and regulatory translation: the old style hypothesis and the misappropriation hypothesis. The old style hypothesis is the kind of criminal behavior one as a rule considers when the words insider exchanging are referenced. The hypothesis rose up out of the 1961 SEC authoritative instance of Cady Roberts. This was the SEC's first endeavor to manage protections exchanging by corporate insiders. The decision made ready for the customary way we characterize insider exchanging - exchanging of an association's stock or subordinates resources by its officials, executives and other key workers based on data not accessible to people in general. The Supreme Court formally perceived the old style hypothesis in the 1980 case U.S. v. Chiarella. U.S. v. Chiarella was the primary criminal instance of insider exchanging. Vincent Chiarella was a printer who set up the coded bundles utilized by organizations planning to dispatch an enormous cash offer for different firms. Chiarella broke the code and purchased portions of the objective organizations dependent on his insight into the takeove r offer. He was in the long run gotten, and his case explained the terms of what has come to be known as the traditional hypothesis of insider exchanging. In any case, the Supreme Court switched his conviction in light of the fact that the current insider exchanging law just applied t ... <!

How to Have a Good Relationship with Your Parents Essay

Without shared regard, any relationship will be a troubled one. Individuals who regard one another: an) esteem each other’s assessments, b) hear each out other, c) differ without shouting or abuse. Furthermore, recall, your folks have lived longer than you †don’t markdown their experience and information. This is your key to opportunity. The best approach to construct trust is through trustworthiness and obligation. Genuineness implies you don’t lie or control. Obligation implies you are solid and can be relied on to utilize practical insight. At the point when your folks trust you, it’s much simpler for them to state  «yesâ ». Your folks need to know what’s going on in your life. In the event that you keep them out of the loop, they won’t know when you need their assistance or whether they can confide in you. Mention to them what you’re up to, share your considerations and sentiments with them, and look for their guidance for your issues (you don’t need to take it). Correspondence fabricates closeness. In the event that you’re constantly legit, a parent will probably accept what you state. In the event that you some of the time shroud reality or include an excessive amount of show, guardians will make some harder memories accepting what you let them know. In the event that you recount stories, they’ll think that its difficult to confide in you. Utilizing a tone that’s neighborly and amiable makes it more probable that guardians will tune in and pay attention to what you state. It likewise makes it more probable that they’ll converse with you similarly. Obviously, this is hard for any of us (grown-ups included) when we’re feeling warmed about something. On the off chance that you figure your feelings may show signs of improvement of you, plan something for let out some pent up frustration before talking: go for a run. Cry. Hit your cushion. Take the necessary steps to sound quiet when you have to. These rules work the two different ways. In the event that, on events, your folks damage any of these rules, converse with them about it. Pick when you are both quiet and feeling great toward one another (never when you’re furious). At that point, disclose to them what they did, how it affects you, and what you’d like them to do.

Bloggers Wrapped 2019

Bloggers Wrapped 2019 Its my favorite time of year for a variety of reasons. My birthday was a few weeks ago01 I turned 21 and went to The Muddy, MITs grad student run pub, twice on one day , its almost Christmas and its okay to listen to Christmas music again, and SPOTIFY RELEASES SPOTIFY WRAPPED!!! For those of you whove been following the blogs, you probably already know that I love Spotify a lot. I actually love tracking my own music data so much that Im too impatient02 but also too cheap to pay for the full version, lol to wait for Spotify to give me a glimpse once a year, so I use last.fm to track my music year round. But I love the info that Spotify gives because they talk about your trends and provide you with really specific, random things that are just cool to know. So of course, I begged Abby if I could make the blogger Spotify Wrapped compilation because theres nothing I love more than looking at peoples Spotify data. You can observe this below for yourself, but there was an interesting trend this year of people feeling like their Spotify Wrapped didnt represent them in some way. The data that Spotify provides is objective, which means that they are simply returning the artist that played the most songs from, and the genres that you listened to the most songs from. Im sure the data itself isnt wrong. But as Abby brought up last year, people seem to disagree with how the data represents them. I think it brings up an interesting discussion of how objectivity isnt always the Truth with a capital T. But anyways, lets get into the HARD DATA about the bloggers music habits! Blogger: me Most listened to bands03 yes i know its actually albums but most of the bloggers couldnt recognize the album by its cover but we could recognize the band from the winter: She Wants Revenge, Pearl Jam, Arctic Monkeys, The Wombats Most listened to bands from the spring: Arctic Monkeys, Cage the Elephant, Blitzen Trapper, Pearl Jam Most listened to bands from the summer: Pearl Jam, She Wants Revenge, Nine Inch Nails, David Bowie Most listened to bands from the fall: Johnny Cash, Bob Dylan, Taylor Swift, June Carter Favorite04 defined as most listened to artist / Hours listened to them / Top song by them:  She Wants Revenge / 16 hours / Tear You Apart Top 5 artists: She Wants Revenge, Pearl Jam, David Bowie, Arctic Monkeys, Cage the Elephant World Citizen05 defined as the number of countries you listened to artists from : 54 Top genres: Rock, Pop, Indie pop, Showtunes, Modern Bollywood Top 5 songs: Furr by Blitzen Trapper, Fluorescent Adolescent by Arctic Monkeys, Black Hole Sun by Soundgarden, Tokyo Vampires Wolves by The Wombats, Head Like A Hole by Nine Inch Nails Top 100 songs playlist: its alright New artists listened to: 725 Best new artist: Blitzen Trapper Minutes listened in 2019: 35,264 Artist of the Decade:  Pearl Jam Comments from the blogger: despite my valiant efforts to listen to more music and change up my taste a bit, my top 100 songs playlist showed me that i listen to the same like 50 songs on repeat and honestly thats true. also i was a little miffed that my artist of the decade was my boyfriends favorite band because that felt too cringey, but honestly theyre really good so im over it. Blogger:  Cami Most listened to bands from the winter: Ariana Grande, lovelytheband Most listened to bands from the spring: Kanye West, BTS, scarypoolparty Most listened to bands from the summer: BTS, Willow Smith, Tyler, the Creator Most listened to bands from the fall: Brockhampton, Frank Ocean, Harry Styles, Rex Orange County Favorite artist / Hours listened to them / Top song by them:  BTS / 45 hours / Boy with Luv ft. Halsey Top 5 artists: BTS, Ariana Grande, Tyler, the Creator, Joji, The 1975 World Citizen:  52 Top genres: Alternative rb, K-pop, pop rap, pop, emo rap Top 5 songs: Wait A Minute! by WILLOW, 7 rings by Ariana Grande, Out Loud by scarypoolparty, im so tired by Lauv ft. Troye Sivan, thank u, next by Ariana Grande Top 100 songs playlist: the range of moods on this playlist is very large New artists listened to:  643 Best new artist: lovelytheband Minutes listened in 2019: 33,405 Artist of the Decade:  Drake Comments from the blogger: lowkey kinda disappointed i didnt listen to more music this year?? last year i listened to 83,684 min of music. also very sad that my music is pop dominated when i felt like i listened to a lot of alt rb this yr but! thats just how it b. my bts bias is suga. talk to me about him. also, bts is probably at the top because i listened to them on repeat for every. single. flight, including los angeles to london and back. Comments from me: that is so many hours of BTS. i am impressed   Blogger:  Ankita Most listened to bands from the winter: Kenshi Yonezu, Des Rocs Most listened to bands from the spring: The Fratellis, Mother Mother, Arctic Monkeys Most listened to bands from the summer: The Fratellis, Arctic Monkeys, Abhi the Nomad Most listened to bands from the fall: The Fratellis, Arctic Monkeys, Abhi the Nomad Favorite artist / Hours listened to them / Top song by them:  The Fratellis / 20 hours / Whistle For The Choir Top 5 artists: The Fratellis, Arctic Monkeys, Mother Mother, Abhi the Nomad, Cage the Elephant World Citizen: 56 Top genres: Rock, Modern rock, Indie-pop, pop, pop-rap Top 5 songs:  Whistle For The Choic by The Fratellis, Little Apple By Chopstick Brothers, Sex n Drugs by Abhi The Nomad, Infinitesimal by Mother Mother, 3s by Nodaway Top 100 songs playlists: as somebody who would know, ankitas music taste has improved exponentially over the years New artists listened to:  1207 Best new artist:  The Fratellis Minutes listened in 2019: 33,225 Artist of the Decade:  Original Broadway Cast of Hamilton Comments from the blogger:  damn so i love The Fratellis, what else is newalso the songs i discovered/listened to while I was in Taiwan this summer really defined the rest of my year, which is interesting Comments from me:  to bring up the point i made at the top of this post, isnt it whack how ankita listening to the hamilton soundtrack nonstop (literally fucking nonstop) in 2016 defines the rest of her decade??? objectivity is not truth people Blogger:  Sabrina Most listened to bands from the winter: Ariana Grande Most listened to bands from the spring: Carly Rae Jepsen, Billie Eilish Most listened to bands from the summer: Carly Rae Jepsen, Hozier, Billie Eilish Most listened to bands from the fall: Carly Rae Jepsen, Lana Del Rey Favorite artist / Hours listened to them / Top song by them:  Carly Rae Jepsen / 64 hours / Warm Blood Top 5 artists: Carly Rae Jepsen, Billie Eilish, Hozier, Ariana Grande, The 1975 World Citizen:  51 Top genres: Pop, Indie Pop, Alternative RB, Rock, Rap Top 5 songs: wish you were gay by Billie Eilish, bad guy by Billie Eilish, Warm Blood by Carly Rae Jepsen, needy by Ariana Grande, Movement by Hozier Top 100 songs playlists: here, have all the gen z bops New artists listened to:  501   Best new artist: Labrinth Minutes listened in 2019: 81,020 Artist of the Decade: Frank Ocean Comments from the blogger: showing this to myself whenever i have doubts about whether i technically make the millenial cutoff (i clearly do not). a little sad that i have moved almost exclusively into the Pop Zone with regards to genre (because I do still like other genres, Alt RB especially!), but i guess its a welcome change from last years Sad Alt Music for 137,568 minutes. Comments from me: if i ever need to know what the people of my generation are listening to nowadays i think i shall consult sabrina Blogger:  Petey Most listened to bands from the winter: Architects, Sigur Ros, Luniz, Between the Buried and Me Most listened to bands from the spring: The Receiving Ends of Sirens, Architects Most listened to bands from the summer: Architects, Dispose, Bring Me The Horizon, Podcast Most listened to bands from the fall: Devil Wears Prada Favorite artist / Hours listened to them / Top song by them:  Architects / 30 hours / Mortal After All Top 5 artists:  Architects, Devil Wears Prada, Between the Buried and Me, Sigur Ros, I See Stars World Citizen:  23 Top genres:  Metalcore, Rock, Hiphop, Pop, Progressive Metal Top 5 songs:  RIGGED by The Plot In You, Moongod by The Devil Wears Prada, Mortal After All by Architects, I Got 5 On It by Luniz Michael Marshall, FEEL NOTHING by The Plot In You Top 100 songs playlists: behold the worlds emoest teen, chris petey peterson New artists listened to: N/A Best new artist: N/A Minutes listened in 2019: 36,577 Artist of the Decade:  Between the Buried and Me Comments from the blogger:  an old MITAdmissions proverb says: to understand the mindset of an angsty teen, you must become an angsty teen. Comments from me:  how did petey manage to not listen to a singular new artist the ENTIRE year??? i am honestly baffled Blogger:  Abby Most listened to bands from the winter:  Cage the Elephant, The Clash (twice?), David Bowie   Most listened to bands from the spring:  Wavves (??????), Tom Petty (twice), White Reaper Most listened to bands from the summer:  The 1975 (lmao), Cage the Elephant (again), Led Zeppelin, Pixies Most listened to bands from the fall:  N/A Favorite artist / Hours listened to them / Top song by them:  Cage the Elephant / 5 hours / Back Stabbin Betty Top 5 artists:  Cage the Elephant, Toadies, The 1975, Guided by Voices, White Reaper World Citizen:  24 Top genres:  rock, noise pop, post-grunge, pop rap, indie punk Top 5 songs:  No 13 Baby (Pixies), Tyler (Toadies), Straight to Hell (The Clash), Laid (James), New York City Cops (The Strokes) Top 100 songs playlists: i concur with abbys taste in music New artists listened to:  252 Best new artist:  White Reaper Minutes listened in 2019:  10,174 Artist of the Decade:  The 1975 Comments from the blogger:  I have many comments: Over the past couple of years, my music consumption has decreased, which explains why my decade results are heavily skewed toward the music I listened to (ad infinitum) in 2017. 2017 was also the year that my sister freeloaded off my account, so thats why SZA and Mac Demarco are over-represented. I am deeply confused at the frequent occurrence of the 1975; I feel like I have listened to them sparingly? Weirdly enough my past three years top songs have been three different Pixies songs off the same album and yet the 1975 is somehow my artist of the decade/ Make it make sense. Cage the Elephant is number one because I had to listen to their new album over and over to learn the songs for a concert I went to. Its not even my favorite album. Led Zeppelin is over-represented because of a 4-5 hour road trip I took over the summer alone, appropriate cruising down the 101 music. If that makes me a boomer then so be it. Also, I cant name a sing le Wavves song. I think that popped up because Twitter drama about him being a landlord prompted me to see what the music is like. I dont remember. Overall, this wrapped is a good summary of what I listen to on repeat to induce a calming, meditative mental state. It just so happens that the music that does that for me is whiney male vocalists backed by loud electric guitars. Comments from me:  abby just made me realize that whiney male vocalists backed by loud electric guitars also do it for me musically Blogger: Alex Most listened to bands from the winter:  Hozier, Led Zeppelin, Foo Fighters, Fall Out Boy Most listened to bands from the spring:  Carly Rae Jepsen, Hozier, The xx Most listened to bands from the summer:  Car Seat Headrest (twice), The Mountain Goats, an NPR podcast i listened to for six minutes Most listened to bands from the fall:  Car Seat Headrest (twice), The Mountain Goats, PUP Favorite artist / Hours listened to them / Top song by them:  Hozier / 60 hours / Almost (Sweet Music) Top 5 artists:  Hozier, Carly Rae Jepsen, Car Seat Headrest, The xx, Fall Out Boy World Citizen:  33 Top genres:  Modern Rock, Pop, Rock, Indie Rock, Motown Top 5 songs:  The Sky Is A Neighborhood (Foo Fighters), Sedona (Houndmouth), Shrike (Hozier)06 why is this not alexs most listened to song by hozier??? i am confusion , You Can Call Me Al (Paul Simon), Almost (Sweet Music) (Hozier) Top 100 songs playlists: good shit good shit New artists listened to:  452 Best new artist:  PUP Minutes listened in 2019:  45,075 Artist of the Decade:  Hozier Comments from the blogger:  My top songs are an intriguing mix of rowing practice music (Fall Out Boy, Panic! at the Disco, classic rock, Foo Fighters when I can sneak it into the queue) and music that I actually listen to. I expected Frank Ocean to be in my top 5 artists but he didnt even make my Top Songs playlist..home of phobia.I also feel like this was extremely winter-skewed, probably due to the sheer amount of time (especially IAP) I spent playing music at rowing practice and time in Stud 5th listening to music and studying for the 18.03 ASE. Check out my last.fm for more of what ive been listening to in the summer/fall. Also my team switched to more EDM stuff and also more RB in the fall but they havent been using my Spotify account as much anymore, so that mostly didnt make it in. Comments from me:  also check out my last.fm :,) fun fact, alex and i have super music compatibility according to last.fm Blogger: DJ Most listened to bands from the winter:  Kelela, Lizzo, more Kelela, Oprahs Super Soul Conversations Most listened to bands from the spring:  Carly Rae Jepsen, Solange, Blood Orange, more Solange Most listened to bands from the summer:  Meg thee Stallion, Ari Lennox, Blood Orange, more Ari Lennox Most listened to bands from the fall:  Teyana Taylor, Solange, Frankie Cosmos, Blood Orange Favorite artist / Hours listened to them / Top song by them:  Blood Orange / 51 hours / Hope Top 5 artists:  Blood Orange, Solange, Kelela, Meg Thee Stallion, Noname World Citizen:  59 Top genres:  Pop rap, Alternative RB, Indie Rock, Pop, Chillhop Top 5 songs:  LMK_WHATS REALLY GOOD REMIX (Kelela), BMO (Ari Lennox), Hungry Hippo (Tierra Whack), Act Up (City Girls), Best You Ever Had (Meg Thee Stallion) Top 100 songs playlists: the intersection of mine and djs music taste is approximately 0 but this is a bopping playlist New artists listened to:  612 Best new artist:  Meg Thee Stallion Minutes listened in 2019:  81,351 Artist of the Decade:  Frankie Cosmos Comments from the blogger:  1) 2019 truly was the year of the Hot Girl Summer 2) A significant portion of the music I listen to is not work appropriate :) Comments from me:  i think DJ wins the prize for most minutes listened this year Blogger:  Kidist Most listened to bands from the winter:  Billie Eilish, J Cole Most listened to bands from the spring:  Beyonce Most listened to bands from the summer:  Meg Thee Stallion Most listened to bands from the fall:  Melanie Martinez, Marina Favorite artist / Hours listened to them / Top song by them:  Rihanna / 22 hours / Needed Me Top 5 artists:  Rihanna, Billie Eilish, aimless, Megan Thee Stallion, Nao World Citizen:  46 Top genres:  lo-fi beats, pop, indie rb, deep pop rb, pop rap Top 5 songs:  Act Up, Going Bad, Before I Let Go, No Guidance, Simon Says Top 100 songs playlists:  N/A New artists listened to:  531 Best new artist:  aimless Minutes listened in 2019:  32,272 Artist of the Decade:  The Weeknd Comments from the blogger:  N/A Comments from me:  i honestly did not know that lo-fi beats were actually their own genre, i thought it was just a meme. also kidist and dj look like they would be music buddies What does your Spotify wrapped look like? Let us know in the comments! And enjoy listening to all the BOPS in this post ;) Post Tagged ##i love spotify ##that was already a tag i didn't even have to make one up for it I turned 21 and went to The Muddy, MIT's grad student run pub, twice on one day back to text ? but also too cheap to pay for the full version, lol back to text ? yes i know it's actually albums but most of the bloggers couldn't recognize the album by its cover but we could recognize the band back to text ? defined as most listened to back to text ? defined as the number of countries you listened to artists from back to text ? why is this not alex's most listened to song by hozier??? i am confusion back to text ?

Early Christian Practical Issues - 1793 Words

Early Christian Practical Issues Allison L. Sanborn, M. Ed. BIB-502 | Introduction to the Intertestamental Period Michael Bausch - Professor July 10, 2012 Early Christian Practical Issues Introduction Around 51 AD, Paul was in the city of Corinth. This city was made up of many different people with very different ideas concerning God, cults, and moral depravity. While in Corinth, Paul was approached by a woman named Chloe who described to him the misdeeds of dissention, immorality and wrong doing in the city. Dismayed, Paul immediately addressed the issues in his letters to the Corinthians. Corinthians Practical Issues 1. The Problem of Divisions in the Church ~ (1 Cor. 1:10-13) Within the â€Å"house of Chloe†, a church in†¦show more content†¦8:1-13) Paul found that some believers felt that by eating meat they had a weak conscience because it had been defiled by the idols (Krell, 1995). Paul tried to show his followers that it was safe to eat with a clear conscience by eating meat himself. Through this lesson Paul was also trying to teach that â€Å"love was more important than freedom (8:1-6) and that â€Å"knowledge can make us arrogant, but love edifies† (Krell, 1995). With these sayings Paul was giving permission for people to put their pride aside, remember that there is no such thing as idols and that there is only one true and loving God† (Krell, 1995). 9. The Problem of the Role Men and Women Should Have in Christ s Church ~ (1 Cor. 11:1-17) When Paul first addressed the Corinthians he told them to imitate him and to â€Å"hold firmly to traditions† (v.2). One of the traditions in Corinth was for women to have their head covered. This was a cultural custom that Paul initially commends as a symbolic gesture (Kinchen, 2012). Paul also teaches that wives should submit to their husbands and husbands submit to the Lord. 10. The Problem of Abusing the Lord s Supper ~ (1 Cor. 11:20-34) Around the time of the Lord’s Supper, the Church of Corinth was in a problematic state and Paul was instructing that any â€Å"unrepentant† people should not partake in Passover. 11. The Problem of Spiritual Gifts ~ (1 Cor. 12:1-31) Paul tried to teach that the Spiritual Gift was as essential asShow MoreRelatedHealthcare Faith and Healing1490 Words   |  6 Pagesdenomination. The discussion here, which addresses elements of spirituality in healthcare treatment for adherents to the Sikh, Shinto and Buddhist faiths, proceeds from a Christian healthcare perspective. To initiate the discussion, it is appropriate to first consider some of the Christian care-giving values that drive this perspective. Christian ethicality and theology are important forces in healing, especially through its invocation of spiritual hope. Hope is a sentiment which has commanded recognitionRead MoreThe Shape of Practical Theology638 Words   |  3 PagesBook Report: The Shape of Practical Theology In The Shape of Practical Theology: Empowering Ministry with Theological Praxis, Ray Anderson attempts what he considers a new approach to modern Christianity. Anderson believes that the modern church is plagued by a significant divide between theology and practical Christianity. Many churches approach these two aspects of religion as if they are separate, rather the practical sides of Christianity lacking. Therefore, Andersons goal in the book isRead MoreChristianity And Christianity Of Christianity892 Words   |  4 Pagesof Nicaea—the early church community prior to 1054—to the Spanish Colonization of the New World—prior to 1900—to the Second Vatican Council—after 1900—all of these events created waves of change in these religions and helped form them into what they are today. 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He elaborates on the key themes that emerge consistently in Catholic social teaching, God’s expectation from humanity as an individual, as a community and the narratives whichRead MoreThe Opening Scene Of The Book Acts Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pageslast words of Jesus were remarkable to the immediate audience, and His last words are remarkable to those who properly interpret Acts 1:8. The context of Acts 1:8, the interpretation, and the practically of Acts 1:8 reveal effective principles for Christians who desire to spread the Gospel throughout the ends of the earth. Acts is a historically accurate book that a human author wrote in a particular time, in a specific place, and to a certain audience. Although there are people today who believe thatRead MoreDepression in the Bible1331 Words   |  6 Pages19:4, and Job 3:20-21). Jesus himself experienced great grief due to his compassion, concern, and vast sense of disappointment over the sins of the world and their fatal consequences. Though it often goes by different names, depression infects many Christians as well. That statement may surprise some since the typical Christ follower is often pictured as a happy-go-lucky, carefree, always smiling type of individual. No one is immune to depression. Everyone goes through difficult times and if the feelingsRead MoreTheology And Pastoral Leadership : Theology Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesTheological Review, 91(1), 11-30 Beeley makes the argument that theology lies at the center of Christian leadership. It sites early theologians from the past, later theologians in the Anglican and other traditions. The author provides the relationship between theology and practicalities of leaders work, the ministry of the word, pastoral interpretation of Scripture, and the regular study of the work of Christian leadership. 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Other organizations should learn from DID’s work and conduct revitalization efforts that focus on attracting new residents by improving the lives of current ones is, leading to integrated and stable communities. Key Institutions Schools The area’s schools face many of the same issues as the community as whole: gentrification and poorRead MoreEurocentric Knowledge And Indian Knowledge1038 Words   |  5 Pagesdeprive the Indian community of their language, (2) replace Indian cultural values with Christian values, and (3) divide the Indian family unit through the assimilation policies of the Canadian government. Christian priest were given the authority to force Indian children to learn English and French. Often, these children were removed from their families and forced to replace Indian religious values with Christian beliefs. During this time, the complete eradication of Indian religious values was achieved

Fashion in the Middle Ages - 1152 Words

The clothing of the Middle Ages, like everything else was decided by the pyramid of power. The pyramid of power was the Middle Ages Feudal System. Medieval clothes provided information about the rank of the person wearing them. From the 11th through the 14th centuries, medieval clothing assorted according to the social standing of the people. The clothing worn by nobility and upper classes was clearly different than that of the lower class. Medieval clothes provided information about the status of the person wearing them. The clothing and fashion during the medieval era of the Middle Ages was conquered and highly influenced by the Kings and Queens of the era. Only the wealthy could dress in fashionable clothes. The clothes worn with a†¦show more content†¦A conical hat, with turned-up rim, was ornamented with gold chains and various jewels. Kings clothing was still very short. It consisted of a kind of tight waistcoat, fastened by tags, and of very close-fitting breeches, wh ich displayed the outlines of the figure. The shoes were a kind of large padded shoe of black leather, round or square at the toes, and gored over the foot with colored material. Clothes were extravagant and exaggerated. The earliest monks and nuns wore clothing consisting of white or grey. This was the color of un-dyed wool. As time went by black became the prevailing color of their clothes. Monks and nuns adhered to even stricter rules and wore undyed wool for their clothes to proclaim their poverty. Their habits, were generally a grayish-white, and sometimes brown. The Cistercian monks were referred to as the white monks. Each monk had two tunics and two cowls, a scapular for work, shoes and stockings. The extra tunic allowed for washing and night-time wear, as the Cistercian monk slept in his habit. Some monks would also wear a cross upon a chain around their necks. Nuns had two habits, two wimples and veils, a scapular for work, shoes and stockings. A nuns habit, tied around the waist with a cloth or leather belt. Hair shirts - some extreme nuns imposed suffering on themselves by wearing hair shirts under their habits. The rank of people was also distinguished by their long and flowing hair. Serfs hadShow MoreRelatedThe Middle Ages, Clothing And Fashion1509 Words   |  7 Pages Medieval; middle Ages, clothing and fashion was determined by the pyramid of power. Clothing is what separated the status of a person from another. Fashion differed from social wealth and class. When the middle ages began Roman togas were replaced by Germanic clothing. Though the wealth were different the clothes were similar except for the designs and some materials being used. The middle ages being the time of change for further existence did in fact have many improvements. 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These products catch the eyes of some people and when a larger amount of people begin to wear certain brands, certain styles, other people start to conform and buy similar articles of clothing. This is how fashion trends are started, spread, and passed on. There are various amounts of styles that can suit anyone’s personality. However, stereotypes are usually made by the different typesRead MoreFashion During the Elizabethan Era Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever wondered what people in the Elizabethan Era wore? Fashion was just as important in those days as it is to some people today. What people were wearing mattered to others, and even the government. During the Elizabethan Era clothing, accessories, and cosmetics were a ll a part of daily life. During the Elizabethan Era, there were a set of rules controlling which classes could wear which clothing called the Sumptuary Laws. 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Mass Media Sociology Free Essays

The mass media has become a big part of our society and its counterparts. In a time span of 50 years this medium has influenced society to an extent where it has created wonders. This immaculate tool can control almost every action we perform, from speaking to the actions that every human being performs in society. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media Sociology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The mass media has brought upon a new era of idea’s and changes in the world we live in. As we analysis media in depth we will find many aspects of media which overlap and some of the smallest factors and aspects of media, which create the biggest impact on society. Our main objective is to explore the mass media’s effects on society and see how the media has affected out way of life. Not to mention, compare the life styles of the previous and current generation. These are aims all sociologists focus on. The mass media is seen as a medium of communication, as well as a way of delivering messages and valuable data to the masses within a matter of seconds. As we move into a more technological era we see vast differences in culture, values and the basic change in the way of life. The traditional way of life is dying; in-depth valuable heritage is no longer being followed. Many state that the media has blemished society which has created disparity within our traditional way of life. We are human beings with the power to take in unlimited amounts of information. The human brain contains functions that may never even be discovered by scientist due to its complexity. However, today the media has created a massacre of learning abilities and incoherent the emotional intelligence of human beings. As individuals say that the mass media is a valuable tool to society and can create great changes, it is seen to debauch within society and the minds of the new generation. Over all we see that the media has a colossal negative impact in comparison to a positive affect on society. Socialization and society is one of the main aspects in co-relation to the mass media. As seen in the recent generation, norms, values and way of life has changed to a great extent in comparison to the past generations. Media has distinctly created its mark in the socialization process. The mass media has social, developmental and various other forms of mental effects on children. A very important aspect of media society has embraced is the fact that it brings upon great awareness and understanding of the world around us. The media has exposed individuals of all ages to different aspects of the world that the previous generation was not aware of. This vast revelation has educated the youth thus making them more aware and ingenious about the world they live. Media has delivered messages to the world in a matter of seconds, providing us with intelligence about recent events around the world. Although media may provide society with many advantages, the negative impact can have immaculate affects on society. Promoting bad habits such as smoking is a conspicuous negative impact on society. Adolescents’ smoking has become a big issue in today’s time. † Almost 20 per cent of Canadian teens (aged 12-19) currently smoke (daily or occasionally†. Statistics state that the numbers of smokers have been increasing since 1990. The media has portrayed cigarettes to be a social and â€Å"cool† factor in society. Many youth state that they have smoked under peer pressure. Adolescents try to fit in by smoking so that they are not out casted. As social creatures it is our instinct to be apart of society and belong to a â€Å"social group†. Another growing concern amongst the current generation is the amount of television watched and how it is affecting developmental and psychological thinking. Television has become a big part of society. As many parents work it is found that children, who are home alone when their parents are at work, watch TV as soon as they come home from school. This influences their thinking more then the outside world does. Not to mention that violence can be encouraged in the media. It is crucial to understand that when children are at that peek in their life, they tend to imitate what they see. A ponderous medium of media is video games in co-relation to violence. Video games encourage violent behavior in children as they are at a crucial stage of adaptation. Society as a whole has been immensely effected by the social realm. In the fashion world, it is media that creates the trends and genres of different types of clothes. This is seen as an identity. The fashion world markets their clothes to society thru the media. Using various sources such as, television, internet, newspaper and magazines. However there is a dark side to this industry. Today’s society faces controversy about women’s body figured. Size zero has become a behemoth  fad in the modeling world. The size zero topic has caused a revolution, women around the world trying to enter the modeling industry are now harming their bodies in countless ways in order to achieve the â€Å"ideal† body. Women today face a lot of criticism about their appearances due to the superficial ideology created by the media. This has rought a lot of criticism from feminist around the world who state that women have died from starvation only to model. Today’s world has stereotypes formed from various forms of media. Stereotypes have been created ethnicities and cultures. As growing individuals we see distinct relations between the two. When we see a certain ethnicity portrayed in a particular way we judgments tend to be formed en force them on that particular ethnicity. Eventually many individuals tend to conform to those stereotypes, thus them following the self fulfilling prophecy. This can be dangerous as people’s self esteems may be affected, not to mention this activity can be harmful to society. For example, many African American people are portrayed as criminals and therefore displayed as â€Å"harmful† people in the media and its various forms; many fear them as they are known for causing harm and disruption. As this stereotype changes perspective of this particular ethnicity they tend to act the way they are seen in the media as society already believes that they are that certain stereotype. Since the 20th century we have seen a sudden rise empowerment in women, especially in North America. Women all over the nation fought for their freedom of right and are till this day at war for equality. Feminist state that we are currently living in a patriarchal society, where men predominantly control society and its activities. Further more feminist quote â€Å"all knowledge learned by society is created by men, thus creating biases in favor of men and predominantly male oriented situations. The media enforces this knowledge, for one gender roles are enforced through the media to children and adolescents. Although these are promoted to adults to, there is no personality harm to adults. For example, little girls and boys are shown playing sports and with toys that are meant for them, thus enforcing a stereotype and certain gender role of the behavior that is expected from these children. Disney as we know it promotes these gender roles to a great extends, with classical story lines. This shows young children how women are powerless and the male figure rescues her. This perception is seen distinctly in different forms as the child grows up. During the Second World War women refused to go back to their original jobs after then men returned from the war. As an extreme of re-socializing women, the government sent out propaganda about how women we’re suppose to work in the homes and men to work in the factories. This is an extreme case of the media being used to change the perception of society. Feminist argue that media corrupted the minds of young women. Before the revolution women we’re allowed a double standard of being sex objects however suppressed in society and seen as the â€Å"second† sex. Women nowadays are objectified by society and seen as sexual objects in the eyes of men Culture and the commercial world play a significant role in the media world. Culture is denoted as a way of life for society. It consists of beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a social group. A valuable aspect of culture is communication as it is its central activity. Without communication there would be no society or groups as such. Communication is the core of every society and culture in the world. It can take on many forms from verbal to sign language to symbols. All these arranged in a proper manner deliver a message and contain meaning. This approach is often described as a structuralism approach, where the focus is on the analysis of the production of meaning. The term structuralism is a used to emphasize influence of society as a whole. As stated above culture and communication go hand in hand. When we compare the language used in the 19th and 20th century we see vast difference in the language and dialect. According to researchers the internet has changed our dialect, not to mention our way of typing. The internet has introduced short forms for various words and symbols to represent certain characteristics, as time passes by these characteristics are known to change the way we think. This type of change has affected our cognition. Literature has been restricted and we are made to expresses our selves in a matter of words, twitter for example restricts the amount of words being used to expresses one’s emotions and feelings. This type of change has taught society how to expresses them selves in a matter of a few powerful words. Another aspect of language is how the media has allowed people to express them selves and grow as individuals. However there is a big drawback to this, as society has started to connect to the world over the World Wide Web, there tends to be less face-to-face communication. Individuals connect over the internet thus, disrupting the socialization process. People tend to become more anti-social and keep to them selves. Youth cultures and sub-cultures are a reflection of the media; today we see many youth cultures forming sub cultures within them selves. Many of them differ in various aspects; these subcultures are formed in order to rebel against the adult culture and their way of life. When adolescents form these sub cultures they find comfort and a sense of belonging. As the media is the predominate cause of youth sub-cultures, they portray what they want to see in the current generation. The hypodermic syringe theory states that the media feeds society what they want and society accepts it without any questioning, it is a medium of message which can causes changes within a time span of a few minutes. The results can be drastic and cause massive changes in society. Not to mention, as adolescents may apply these norms and values in their adult lives. Mass media is fast growing field, the commercial world has experiences massive amounts of development in this sector due to the rapid increasing demand. As we can see, there are many highly regarded media jobs in the commercial world today. These jobs are important to the media sector as the skills and requirements are very different in comparison to traditional jobs. Many of the core media jobs are personal relations, journalism, publishing, broadcasting, film and many more. When we look at these topics we see a significant co-relation. As the World Wide Web has rapidly increased in the recent years and has gained significance, many individuals have taken up jobs which require constant internet co-relation. Blogging is an example of an internet related job. It requires regular entries of comments, descriptions of events, or interactive media such as images or video. Blogging has brought much recognition as written experiences and articles are posted in order to guide and share information with the world around us. As we move into the commercial world there is a strong relationship between the government and mass media. Their main aim is to educate society and make sure that information about the world’s events reaches the masses. We see very little government contribution in regard to the media, as it is a privately owned source. For example when we look at the American media and how it is controlled by the government, there is very little interaction between the government and the media associates. Due to the fact that the media is controlled by a predominate part of the private industry. This means that the government cannot put their views across to manipulate society in anyway to their advantage. The media is also known to create illusions/perceptions about particular situations or events. However when an individual experiences it for them selves they will see how different it is compared to how the media portrays it. For example, when someone see’s how television broadcasting takes place in reality, they realize that the media may exaggerate the event, in order to create emphasis on the situation. This is only one example of the many events or situations that are exaggerated. Furthermore the media dispelling the illusions may be one of the most important responsibilities of modern education. As media may not portray the data in the way it was, disparities about validity are created. When we look at democratic situations in society, we see a vast gap in the voting percentage and the actual population. Political campaigns spend large amounts of money on promoting their campaigns for a very small population of voters. This creates big advantages to the political campaigns, as they spent large amounts of money on promoting them selves in the media, they will eventually receive a majority of the votes. This shows us that political success increasingly depend on fundraising, usually from well-financed special interest groups, to pay for media advertising. In the age of mass media, Americans have been made to think that democracy means having lots of consumers choices in the marketplace of products, rather than alternative choices in ideology, issues or political leadership in the marketplace of ideas. The pattern of ownership has changed in the media, thus affecting the amount of information portrayed on the television. We see that today generally businesses are no longer family businesses. However nowadays they would acquire special people to handle such delicate affairs. Not to mention specialized magazines and book publishing operations have been launched across the country and these usually have been feasible economic ventures due to the fact that they do not require huge investments in equipment required to produce a daily newspaper. When talking about the media and the commercial world there are various different aspects to it. As the media has suddenly become big in the past few decades we can say that the media and its dynamics have drastically changed. This is due to the sudden enhancement in technology; this has helped us advance out world. For example, the film industry has advanced to an immaculate level, where production has changed along with the mode of production. The theorist has various views on the mass media and their effects on society. Each sociological theorist has a view which they embrace. Functionalist believes that each part of society has a certain function they are to perform in rder for society to function to its fullest potential. They believe that there are particular functions society has to their maximum capacity. Functionalists believe that the mass media helps co-ordinate and correlate between various parts of society by gathering and dismissing valuable information. Our society conforms to a lot that they see in the media. This means that they enforce laws and regulations whic h keep order and control in society. We believe that there is a certain extent of social control which is enforced. When talking about the mass media, functionalist strongly enforce social control over society. Conformity is reinforces the norms and values of society. This taught the new generation how to fit into a society. The media enforced and teaches society the rules and regulations, not to mention they provide social situations of individuals disobeying the laws and regulations. This acts as a reinforcement to conform to society’s rules. For example, cop shows provide an example of social situations where individuals of our society act out and the punishments they receive. This enforces rules and conformity in society. Another aspect is how they are an agent of socialization. As mentioned before children of todays are exposed to vast amounts of the mass media at very young ages, they learn their norms and values form theses sources thus acting as sources of socialization. The media plays a big role in cognitive child development and re-socialization as they provide individuals with the knowledge that they learn and use in the future to come. Finally the last and most predominate role the media provides according to functionalist is entertainment. Besides all the social control and socialization factors, in the end the media is our predominate form of entertainment. This is a source of relaxation and a momentary escape from the hectic world that we live in. Conflict theorist was founded by Karl Marx. He believes that there are two dominate classes in society. One being the Bourgeoisie, they we’re the ruling class that controlled all the assets and controlled the modes of production, they owned most of the properly and land. The second class was The Proletariats, they we’re considered the lower working class. This class had no power at all and worked hard labor jobs which consisted of a lot of manual labor. Conflict theorist states that functionalist have not paid attention to the social inequality that the mass media portrays, that the mass media benefits some more then others. According to conflict theorists the mass media is controlled by only a number of highly influential people. This leads to a very important factor which is media bias. Media bias can incur to massive levels, which can affect society. As the media is controlled by very few highly qualified people, they can deliver their views to the media and create false assumptions about particular opinions. Ownership of the media is in the hands of very few, creating profitability to them as producers and various different industries are interested in putting across messages to the world approach these particular media industry individuals. As seen in Canada the recent trends of the media are starting to change. Fewer people are starting to control larger amounts of the media and what is broadcasted. This is a big disadvantage to society as only their views will be focused on creating large amounts of bias media. When the media is controlled by a small population controlled by few there tends to be less diversity. Deprivation of independent sources of information with non-biased opinions stated. Society is forced to accept what is provided to them. Propaganda will flood the media due to smaller amounts of individuals controlling it For example in Canada, Rogers Communication Inc owns the Toronto Blue Jays, creates sports and entertainment, broadcasts on television, carries the signal to viewers homes via cable stations and finally they sell at Rogers Video stores. The government controls what is presented in the media to a great extent. There are various cases where the government has punished certain journalist for publishing articles criticizing the government and their policies. What happened to freedom of speech is a question many are asking in today’s modern world. The main biased mechanisms are flak, advertising and sourcing. Flak occurs when big corporations frequently attack journalist who write and state controversial articles in the media. This is due to government control and how they do not want negative views about them being distributed in the public. The other biased mechanism is advertising. Most of the revenue earned by the mass media is thru advertising over the internet, television, magazines, newspapers, radio and various other different predominant forms of media. Large corporations pay great sum’s of money to advertise their messages over popular modes of media. This brings in a large sum of the media’s income. Last but not least is sourcing. This method of gathering news is heavily used by news agencies for press releases, news conferences, and interviews organized by large corporations or the government. These sources usually have traces of preferences towards certain policies and regulations. Unofficial statistics are usually not are preferred as official documents due to the fact that they only provide reactions and minority viewpoints that are secondary to that official story. As seen in the data provided about the biased media and how influential it can be, we see that the conflict theorist in summary believe that economic inequality is reinforced due. Further to that, the core value of society is stratified as the media is controlled by a small amount of people creating diversity and portraying socially acceptable and government approved opinions. Interpretive approaches are micro sociology that believes the socialization of individuals’ shapes how society will form and function. According to them each individual’s personality carries an imprint to his unique experience along with the socially transmitted world view. These types of sociologist look into each individual and the reason for each individual’s results along with the factors affecting them. Society is not judged as a whole. They believe that the mass media influences a passive public in common. Symbolic functionalist state that although conflict theorist and functionalist reinforce the fact that the mass media is mainly beneficial to the rich and powerful, not to mention that the mass media is a great reinforcement of core values follow by society. They do not enforce much on the extent to which audience members interpret media’s messages in different ways. Interactionalist state that, the entailments of mass media does not simply change individuals behavior, there are various steps that are used to change societies mind. Consider this question: How much influence does the mass media actually exert over audiences? Great controversy surrounds this question The subject of what influences the mass media involves the link between persuasive media messages and indirect actual behavior. The process of ‘ two-step flow of communication’ must take place. This process involves the communication between the mass media and the audience members. The first process involves respected individuals of society to evaluate media messages. These individuals tend to be highly educated or politically powerful in that community. As their status contains power and authority they usually conduct independent judgment. The second step involves the leaders influence on attitudes and behavior of others around them. This way media’s opinions are filtered by the leaders. This two step process limits the amount of influence on society. If individuals in a society are influenced to perform a certain action is it less predominant within their minds as it has been influenced by the leader. The media influences society to perform a certain action; however the leaders influence will determine whether society will perform that action or not. Symbolic interactionalist represents media through cultural studies. In-depth interviewing and participant observation is used to study how people in a society truly interpret media messages. Cultural studies does not only concentrate on the cultural meaning producers try to transmit, but on the way audiences filter and interpret mass media messages in the context of their own interest, experiences, and values. Sociologist, Stuart Halls states that, audience members take an active part in consuming the products of the mass media. However they filter and interpret the messages in the context of their own interest. In conclusion, the audience will only take in and interpret what they want to. Every individual has a different way of thinking. This implicates that the media does not fully influence individuals. Hall asserts, society takes in the mass media’s information in the context of their own experiences, interests and values. Thus, any in-depth analysis of the mass media must take into the production and consumption of the data. In the initial stages the meaning intended by producers must be studied. Further to that, we also need to study how the audience consumes or evaluates media products. Audience members may interpret media messages in ways other than those intended by the producer. The critical attitude of the individuals exposed to the media reduces the ability to identify strongly with many characters, personalities, and storylines. Age also affects how we relate to the television or various different forms of media. For instance, the senior viewers tend to be selective and focused on their television viewing. In comparison to individuals who grew up with TV cable and a remote control. Individuals in that vein often sift through channels, engage in conversation and do a multitude of things that detract attention to the supposed object of focus. The media does not impact these modes of viewing. This is an example of the media’s effect on society and the extent to which it affects certain individuals. Conflict theorists’ and functionalists’ exaggerate the extent to which the media affects the society. All in all, internationalist filters, interpret, resist and sometimes reject messages that are often presented by the mass media. Feminists are another group of sociologists who believe that women are treated unfairly in society and are discriminated against in various types of male dominated theories. In co-relation to the media, feminists have strong views about how they created gender roles and stereotypes. Women are mostly seen as sexual objects and prizes rather then humans. In addition, women in the media are said to create a stereotype which is affective to many of the adolescents as they create artificial looks and body structures. The media’s power as a predominant socializing agent adversely influences women into these modes of thinking. The media creates stereotypes which portray women as, â€Å"dumb and silly†. This pushes women down the stratification scale in the world as a whole; this is one of the reasons why the glass ceiling was created. The glass ceiling is an expression which states that women can see the top position; however due to gender discrimination, they cannot reach it. It is worth noting that, the media also creates a gender role for women from a very young age. For example, girls are shown on television shows playing with kitchen sets and boys are shown playing football. This demonstrates to children that they have certain roles to play and with this, these roles are embraced at a young age. Not only is there gender discrimination, many women experience racial gender discrimination. This occurs when women in the ethnic minorities are discriminated against due to their gender and ethnic background. Although there have been countless efforts to combat this type of discrimination, women in today’s society are facing large amounts of discrimination, not to mention are being denied the top positions and discriminated in terms of wages. As we have analyzed the various aspects from society to the commercial world, we can say that media has created a distinct change in society. We can conclude by saying that, the mass media is a tool which can cause great change and impact on society largely. When the mass media is related to society as a whole, the media has affected adolescents and children more then any other group. We see that society’s children and adolescents have changed their ways of life in an immaculate level. Researchers say that there has never been such a large amount of change in such a short span of time. Media is to blame for such a large change in society. Although the mass media has afforded society negative instances, there are various high points we can take away from the mere existence of the media. If it weren’t for the media society wouldn’t bee informed about world events and the situations taking place in it. Many individuals criticize the media for it’s over exaggeration and creation of false delusions. However, many forget to give the media credit for the intense and immediate broadcasting around the world. On a whole the media has created many advantages for society and has created a whole new generation and way of life, however on the other hand the media has corrupted the minds of children and adolescents. Not to mention its role in the massive loss of culture and tradition that dates back thousands of years ago. In the end has the media benefited society or corrupted it? How to cite Mass Media Sociology, Papers

The Effects of Listening to Music on Physical Performance Essay Example For Students

The Effects of Listening to Music on Physical Performance Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Methods3 Results4 Discussion Introduction Music is a very fascinating universal phenomenon. Almost everyone likes some sort of music, whether it be the twang of a country song or the intensity of a German rap. Music has the ability to completely change the mood of a situation. It has extensively been investigated and used as a form of therapy for the mind. Therefore it would be interesting to see if it had any impact on a person’s physical ability as well. Music has been suggested to affect the body’s physiological patterns in many ways. A study done in 2003 (Yamamoto et. al) exemplified the wavering levels of neurotransmitters as the type of music was changed. When the participants listen to slow-rhythm music their plasma levels of norepinephrine decreased, and when they listened to fast-rhythm music their plasma levels of epinephrine increased. Norepinephrine is a hormone generally known for mechanisms of the sympathetic nervous system, originating the fight or flight response. When it is lowered, the body’s stress level is suppressed, caused by a decrease in blood pressure. Epinephrine is a similar hormone, commonly referred to as adrenaline, which has been known to produce sudden responses to combat stress. An increase in plasma levels would increase the heart rate and dilate air passages to promote the expansion of oxygen to the body’s vital organs. By simply choosing a different pace of music, the way our phy siology works can be completely altered. A different investigation was done to find the effects of Medical Resonance Therapy Music (MRT-Music) on cerebral blood flow (Shemagonov Sidorenko, 2000). The arterial make up in the cerebrum is hard to get into through the blood stream due to the blood-brain barrier. Therefore even neurotransmitters will struggle to get through without the help of drugs. However, somehow MRT- Music has shown effects on the slow spontaneous oscillations (SSO) of cerebral blood flow. This means that just by the affects of the musical therapy itself, the cranial autonomous activity adjusts itself to bring the brain into a balanced state. Sympathetic and parasympathetic firings are regulated to keep stress-levels and headaches under control. With the physical power of music, it is no wonder why so much research has been done to test its capacity. Many studies have tested music as a motivational factor. When moving around or doing an activity with music in the background, most people will unknowingly start moving to the rhythm. If the music is kept at a fast pace, it can help motivate an individual to keep working at the same tempo (Sariscsany, 1991). This way they may find themselves moving at a faster pace than normal, just to keep up with the music. The purpose of this study was to find whether music could significantly affect an individual’s physical performance, in this case running a mile. Music was hypothesized to have a positive affect on runner’s ability, allowing them to decrease their time. Methods We will write a custom essay on The Effects of Listening to Music on Physical Performance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This experiment was carried out by recruiting ten participants; four males and six females. The subjects ranged in ages from 21 to 51 (SD: 12.4) and had a variety of fitness levels but all held some active background. Seven of the participants regularly use music while they work out, while three of them do not. After a detailed description of all testing procedures was provided, informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Every subject performed two mile runs, separated by a day. One of the miles was tested using control conditions, and the other using experimental conditions. All subjects were asked to stretch and complete a small warm-up walk before starting the experiment. During the first mile test, the subjects were asked to run a mile without listening to any music, timing themselves while doing so. The next day, they ran the same mile while listening to their music of choice and compared their times. Subjects were allowed to complete the run at their own discretion in the environment of their choosing. The only restriction was that they could not use a treadmill to control their speed. In order to limit other factors, subjects were asked to try and keep their physical activities and behaviors fairly consistent during the 24 hours prior to each trial. The data was all recorded and compared. The mean time difference was calculated against trials with or without music. Significance was judged using a double-sided t-test. Results Results showed that most subjects took less time to complete the mile when they were able to listen to music. This was true for nine out of the ten participants. Chart 1 compares the times with music (red) and without music (blue). As shown below, the blue line stays above the red line almost consistently over subjects showing that times without music were higher on average. Chart 1: Running times for music vs. no music. The average time it took participants to run a mile without any music was about 9 minutes and 15 seconds. With music the average shed around 22 seconds, at 8 minutes and 53 seconds. Table 1 shows the exact time in minutes and seconds that it took each participant to run a mile while listening to music, and then without any music. The difference was calculated between the two by subtracting the time it took with music from the time without. Subject 9 was the only one with a negative difference, meaning they took longer to run the mile with music than without. The mean difference between music and no music was 22.4 seconds. Table 1: Trials among subjects running the mile with music vs. no music. Time (mins:sec) Subject #1 Subject #2 Subject #3 Subject #4 Subject #5 Subject #6 Subject #7 Subject #8 Subject #9 Subject #10 Music 7:43 9:35 9:33 6:54 9:45 11:23 7:25 6:37 11:38 8:16 No Music 8:03 10:20 9:50 7:48 9:50 13:05 7:40 6:59 10:34 8:24 Difference 0:20 0:45 0:17 0:54 0:05 1:42 0:15 0:22 -1:04 0:08 .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 , .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .postImageUrl , .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 , .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:hover , .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:visited , .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:active { border:0!important; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:active , .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149 .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5c1ab0e2a4e28f77c9e7fa707494149:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Does Music Affect Your Mood EssayDiscussion Reviewing over the results, we find that for most of the subjects, times went down while listening to music. This implies that music was used as either a distracter or motivational factor in completing this physical task. The two-tailed P value found from the data in a t test was 0.4731. This is not considered statistically significant in a quantitative sense, however if we consider the type of data, the t test may not be accurate for this. In a race, the winner sometimes wins by only a fraction of a second, so the time shed by listening to music seems pretty substantial. Looking at the data, specifically the differences between trials, there is one outlier. Subject 9 is the only one that had a faster time for the trial without music. Even with this excluded, the mean difference was about the same, at 32 seconds. So according to our data we can conclude that music has ability to cut around 20 to 30 seconds off of an individual’s mile time. As people complete a workout they go through stages of fatigue. Fatigue is the loss of the muscles ability to generate maximal force. There are two types; central and peripheral. Peripheral fatigue includes physiological factors within the muscles acting against performance. After prolonged bouts of physical activity there is thought to be a build up of metabolites that can negatively affect excitation-contraction during movement (Kent-Braun, 1999). This type of fatigue only occurs if the exercise is high intensity or lengthy and therefore would not be a factor in the current experiment. Central fatigue, on the other hand, is caused by a decrease in neural output. Neural output occurs when the brain sends signals through the spinal cord and nerves activating movement. However if the brain has the illusion of tiredness, due to neurotransmitter action or outside factors, central fatigue will occur. An experiment was done testing muscle fatigue while blindfolded, where central fatigue w as shown to be a dominant factor (Mel’nichouk, Bulgakova Vasilenko, 2006). When the subjects were blindfolded, they showed fewer signs of fatigue than they did while having clear vision. This implies that with the blockade of visual feedback, the brain did not feel as tired since it could not recognize common visual signs of exertion. If it is possible to divert the brain from central fatigue in this way, it seems that other options could be used as a distraction, such as music. Central fatigue is a common deterrent during cardiovascular activities since many people have a hard time pushing themselves to continue when it starts to get a little tough, even if their physical capabilities have yet to be reached. The idea behind listening to music during a workout is to present a distraction to combat central fatigue. This way, it is easier to push it to the physical limit and not be overwhelmed with a slight pain. Running a mile is a pretty basic skill. Most people are required to do so in their middle school gym classes. However beyond that, there is no motivation for some to complete this kind of activity. Many people will quiver at the idea of having to run an entire mile. This stigma could be a result of the central fatigue occurring during a run, stopping people from continuing. People simply need a distraction that disallows them from dwelling on the pain while completing physical tasks. If they did not have mental fatigue to deal with, the physical fatigue would be much easier to handle. Through research, mental fatigue and general lack of motivation has been shown to be blocked by music. Music therapy has, for the most part, been acknowledged as a legitimate form of rehabilitation to help individuals psychologically, emotionally, and physically (DegmeÄ ić, 2005). It helps patients express themselves in a new way and explore different feelings through different songs. They are able to relax and kick back while listening to music and relate to lyrics from various artists. This can help them to feel at ease and develop a sense of unity with others. With these feelings, they feel better about getting up in the morning and carrying out tasks. Music often times motivates them to heal. A study done with Alzheimer patients using music therapy exemplifies its powerful effects (Guetin, et. al, 2009). A musical therapy group was compared with a control group over the course of 24 weeks. Each participant of the musical therapy group was exposed to a weekly music session, featuring music of their choosing. The control group had an individualized reading session instead. After 16 weeks, the patients in the musical therapy group significantly improved in feelings of anxiety, according to the Hamilton Scale, as well as depression, according to the Geriatric Depression Scale. The control group did not show the same results. These results were held up to 8 weeks after the therapy sessions ended. The ability of music therapy to alleviate depression and alter moods has also been shown to help motivate people to change their physical activity level. In order to test this, a common method of investigation is self-report. By interviewing all of the participants and giving out detailed questionnaires, one study was able to find the emotional connection to music during exercise (Priest Karageorghis, 2008). Most of the participants in their study preferred fast-paced, heavy-beat music that kept them pumped up and encouraged them to move at the same tempo. They also felt that listening to music whose words expressed how they felt about exercising at the moment was a beneficial motivator. Although all the participants’ specific taste in music varied, their interview responses could all be generalized to indicate that music was a positive factor. A different study compared individuals’ perceived rate of exertion during exercise with and without music (Mohammadzadeh, Tartibiyan Ahmadi, 2008). The results found that the majority of participants had a lower perceived rate of exertion according to the standard PRE scale when they were listening to music. The experiment also measured the individuals’ actual performance level over trials. Even though the subject’s stated that they felt they were exerting less energy into the activity, their performance was actually shown to improve. This indicates that the music was distracting them away from their exercise and allowing them to focus on something else rather than how hard they were working. Though there is much research indicating that music could provide an aide in physical activity, there are some opposing arguments as well. Some research finds that music has either no effect or a negative effect on an athletes’ performance. In a study done in North Carolina (Brownley, McMurray Hackley, 1995), performance was compared with the effects of music among trained and untrained athletes. While they were able to find positive effects amongst the untrained athletes, it seemed that for the trained athletes music actually took a negative effect. This could be due to the sense of relaxation music creates which was taking away from the athletes’ focus and goals. It could also be that the selected music was not fast enough to fit the tempo at which they generally performed. There were a few limitations experienced during this study. The sample size was pretty small, and therefore could have skewed the results. Additionally, the majority in the sample was college students around the same age and in the same generational group, which could have affected the outcome. Most people these days are acclimated to using an mp3 player while they run, so working without it could make it harder just because of the change. However some of the subjects do not regularly listen to music while running and their times were still lowered. Another factor was the type of music the people were listening to. The subjects were told they could listen to whatever music they preferred, in attempts to have them enjoy it and distract them during the run. However this caused an inconsistency in the experiment because some subjects could have been listening to faster paced music than others. The type of music used could have affected the subject who achieved a faster time without music but it could also have been an unchangeable cause. The music could have created the difficult necessity to multitask, taking away from their actual movements, or they could simply not enjoy listening to music while they work out. It could have even been random outside factors that had nothing to do with music. A repetition of this experiment should include a wider variety of subjects among age groups and fitness level. Additionally it would be interesting to test the differences between fast paced and slow paced music, and unorthodox music that is not known to any of the subjects. There are many variations to be made to this experiment that would help develop the different facets of music’s affect on physical performance. .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 , .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .postImageUrl , .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 , .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:hover , .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:visited , .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:active { border:0!important; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:active , .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9 .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29c8c9e5bd60f74d66ce436f9c8397f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Essay ThesisWorks Cited Brownley, K.A., McMurray, R.G., Hackney, A.C. 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(2008). â€Å"A qualitative investigation into the characteristics and effects of music accompanying exercise.† European Physical Education Review, 14: 347-367. Sariscsany, M.J. (1991). â€Å"Motivating physical education students through music.† Physical Educator, 48, 2: 93-94. Shemagonov, A.V., Sidorenko, V.N. (2000). â€Å"Can the Medical Resonance Therapy Music Affect Autonomous Innervation of Cerebral Arteries?† Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 35, 3: 218-223. Yamamoto, T., Ohkuwa, T., Kitoh, I.M., Tsuda, T., Kitagawa, S., and Sato, Y. (2003). â€Å"Effects of Pre-exercise Listening to Slow and Fast Rhythm Music on Supramaximal Cycle Performance and Selected Metabolic Variables.† Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 111, 3: 211-214.